Vahid Shojaeimotlagh

This systematic review was conducted to estimate the pooled score of death anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic. All eligible articles from January 2020 to May 2022 reporting the death anxiety score were included in the analysis b.y searching the Scopus, PubMed, Embase, and ISI databases. The standard score of death anxiety in the COVID-19 pandemic was 50%. The highest score of death anxiety was related to patients with COVID-19 (59.4%), other chronic patients (58.9%), and the elderly (56.4%). The lowest death anxiety score was related to the general population (42.9%) and health care workers (48.2%). The death anxiety score in the studies whose data was collected in 2020 and 2021 was 51% and 62%, respectively. During the COVID-19 pandemic, people experienced high death anxiety, which had terrible effects on their lives. Therefore, it seems necessary to provide training courses to deal with death anxiety for other possible pandemics.

This systematic review was conducted to estimate the pooled score of death anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic. All eligible articles from January 2020 to May 2022 reporting the death anxiety score were included in the analysis b.y searching the Scopus, PubMed, Embase, and ISI databases. The standard score of death anxiety in the COVID-19 pandemic was 50%. The highest score of death anxiety was related to patients with COVID-19 (59.4%), other chronic patients (58.9%), and the elderly (56.4%). The lowest death anxiety score was related to the general population (42.9%) and health care workers (48.2%). The death anxiety score in the studies whose data was collected in 2020 and 2021 was 51% and 62%, respectively. During the COVID-19 pandemic, people experienced high death anxiety, which had terrible effects on their lives. Therefore, it seems necessary to provide training courses to deal with death anxiety for other possible pandemics.

Objective: A diabetic foot ulcer is one of the preventable complications of diabetes that can lead to amputation, morbidity, and mortality and increase treatment costs. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between self-care behaviors, demographic-clinical variables and, foot care performance in patients with diabetes. Materials and methods: This descriptive-analytical study was performed on 191 patients with type 2 diabetes in Asadabad (Hamadan province) in 2021. The demographic-clinical information form, the diabetic foot care performance scale, and the diabetic foot self-care behavior scale were used to collect data. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics (multiple linear regression). Data analysis was performed using R software version 4.1.0. Results: The mean age of the subjects was 50.58 ± 11.87 years, and the duration of diabetes was 8.55 ± 9.07 years. There was a significant relationship between foot self-care behavior and age (p = 0.027), primary and secondary education compared to university education (p=0.042), insulin use compared to use of oral agents and insulin (p = 0.014), the logarithm of the duration of diabetes (p = 0.0001), foot care performance (p = 0.010). Conclusions: The status of self-care behaviors in patients with diabetes is unfavorable, and it is necessary to provide the necessary training to these patients to improve self-care and foot care.

Objective: A diabetic foot ulcer is one of the preventable complications of diabetes that can lead to amputation, morbidity, and mortality and increase treatment costs. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between self-care behaviors, demographic-clinical variables and, foot care performance in patients with diabetes. Materials and methods: This descriptive-analytical study was performed on 191 patients with type 2 diabetes in Asadabad (Hamadan province) in 2021. The demographic-clinical information form, the diabetic foot care performance scale, and the diabetic foot self-care behavior scale were used to collect data. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics (multiple linear regression). Data analysis was performed using R software version 4.1.0. Results: The mean age of the subjects was 50.58 ± 11.87 years, and the duration of diabetes was 8.55 ± 9.07 years. There was a significant relationship between foot self-care behavior and age (p = 0.027), primary and secondary education compared to university education (p=0.042), insulin use compared to use of oral agents and insulin (p = 0.014), the logarithm of the duration of diabetes (p = 0.0001), foot care performance (p = 0.010). Conclusions: The status of self-care behaviors in patients with diabetes is unfavorable, and it is necessary to provide the necessary training to these patients to improve self-care and foot care.

Background/aim: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is known to be the most prevalent chronic liver disease all over the world. The incidence of this disease has dramatically increased during the last decade. Studies have shown a strong relationship between the level of ferritin and the severity of NAFLD. The objective of the present study was to assess the effect of adding Hijamat, as an iron reducing procedure, to standard lifestyle modification on the improvement of insulin resistance and liver enzymes in patients with NAFLD. Materials and methods: One hundred and twenty NAFLD patients participated in a randomized, controlled, single-blind trial design of study. The control group received counselling for nutrition and physical activity for a period of 6 months. The treatment group received the above items plus Hijamat for 3 times during 1 month. Ultrasound images of liver, HOMA-IR, and laboratory data including ALT, AST were assessed pre- and postintervention. Results: At the end of the study, a significant decrease was demonstrated in the serum level of HOMA-IR (–1.30 ± 0.88 vs –.02 ± 0.47, P < 0.001) and serum levels of ALT (–6.50 ± 4.92 vs –2.38 ± 3.92, P < 0.001) and AST (–2.78 ± 4.29 vs –1.30 ± 2.33, P = 0.021) in the Hijamat group were compared to the control group. Ultrasound images of the liver improved in 23.3% of the patients in the Hijamat group, while the rate of improvement in the control group was 10% (P = 0.050). Hijamat therapy was safe and tolerable in this trial. Conclusions: Hijamat resulted in a relative improvement in fatty liver severity and improved HOMA-IR and liver enzymes more than lifestyle modification alone in patients with NAFLD.

, providing the first evidence for the existence of two well-separated populations of this parasite.

, providing the first evidence for the existence of two well-separated populations of this parasite.

Background/aim: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is known to be the most prevalent chronic liver disease all over the world. The incidence of this disease has dramatically increased during the last decade. Studies have shown a strong relationship between the level of ferritin and the severity of NAFLD. The objective of the present study was to assess the effect of adding Hijamat, as an iron reducing procedure, to standard lifestyle modification on the improvement of insulin resistance and liver enzymes in patients with NAFLD. Materials and methods: One hundred and twenty NAFLD patients participated in a randomized, controlled, single-blind trial design of study. The control group received counselling for nutrition and physical activity for a period of 6 months. The treatment group received the above items plus Hijamat for 3 times during 1 month. Ultrasound images of liver, HOMA-IR, and laboratory data including ALT, AST were assessed pre- and postintervention. Results: At the end of the study, a significant decrease was demonstrated in the serum level of HOMA-IR (–1.30 ± 0.88 vs –.02 ± 0.47, P < 0.001) and serum levels of ALT (–6.50 ± 4.92 vs –2.38 ± 3.92, P < 0.001) and AST (–2.78 ± 4.29 vs –1.30 ± 2.33, P = 0.021) in the Hijamat group were compared to the control group. Ultrasound images of the liver improved in 23.3% of the patients in the Hijamat group, while the rate of improvement in the control group was 10% (P = 0.050). Hijamat therapy was safe and tolerable in this trial. Conclusions: Hijamat resulted in a relative improvement in fatty liver severity and improved HOMA-IR and liver enzymes more than lifestyle modification alone in patients with NAFLD.

BACKGROUNDAs a significant field of study, nursing is one of the majors in which the role of multiple intelligences such as emotional intelligence seem more important compared to other fields of study.These intelligences have a remarkable impact on the nursing students' progress.The present study was aimed at examining emotional intelligence and its relationship with demographic characteristics among nursing students.

BACKGROUNDAs a significant field of study, nursing is one of the majors in which the role of multiple intelligences such as emotional intelligence seem more important compared to other fields of study.These intelligences have a remarkable impact on the nursing students' progress.The present study was aimed at examining emotional intelligence and its relationship with demographic characteristics among nursing students.

BACKGROUND: The shortage of nurses is a global health problem and one of the main challenges for healthcare systems throughout the world including Iran. One of factors that affect the migration trends is psychological needs satisfaction. This study aimed at identifying the psychological factors which persuade Iranian nurses to migrate and suggesting necessary measures in this regard. METHODS: This qualitative study was conducted through a traditional content analysis approach on 20 working Iranian nurses who are migrating to other countries between 2015 and 2017. Data were collected through interviews and observation in different wards of hospitals in Iran. Data were written and analyzed after reduction, naming them, obtaining analytical codes, and identifying the categories and subcategories using traditional method. RESULTS: Three main categories in relation to satisfaction of the psychological needs and reasons for migration were obtained after data analysis. The first category was "authority" with two subcategories of independent decision-making power and being unconsidered, the second category was "social support" with three subcategories of communication with health team members, communication with nurse colleagues, and communication with nurse managers, and the third category was "job promotion" with four subcategories of addressing the routines, nurse role, job promotion opportunities, and teaching organizational environment. CONCLUSION: Identifying problems and obstacles to achieve the goal is the first step to solve the problem. This study provided further and clearer understanding of psychological causes regarding decision of nurses to migrate to developed countries, and nurses noted that the decision to migrate is in the search to meet their psychological needs.

BACKGROUND: The shortage of nurses is a global health problem and one of the main challenges for healthcare systems throughout the world including Iran. One of factors that affect the migration trends is psychological needs satisfaction. This study aimed at identifying the psychological factors which persuade Iranian nurses to migrate and suggesting necessary measures in this regard. METHODS: This qualitative study was conducted through a traditional content analysis approach on 20 working Iranian nurses who are migrating to other countries between 2015 and 2017. Data were collected through interviews and observation in different wards of hospitals in Iran. Data were written and analyzed after reduction, naming them, obtaining analytical codes, and identifying the categories and subcategories using traditional method. RESULTS: Three main categories in relation to satisfaction of the psychological needs and reasons for migration were obtained after data analysis. The first category was "authority" with two subcategories of independent decision-making power and being unconsidered, the second category was "social support" with three subcategories of communication with health team members, communication with nurse colleagues, and communication with nurse managers, and the third category was "job promotion" with four subcategories of addressing the routines, nurse role, job promotion opportunities, and teaching organizational environment. CONCLUSION: Identifying problems and obstacles to achieve the goal is the first step to solve the problem. This study provided further and clearer understanding of psychological causes regarding decision of nurses to migrate to developed countries, and nurses noted that the decision to migrate is in the search to meet their psychological needs.

Visiting in ICU have always been quite restricted and limited. This restriction and separation from family on one side and encountering an unknown environment and fear of the unknown increases the fear on the other side. It will turn into a crisis for the patient and his family and causes severe concern and turmoil for them. However, there is no reason to restrict visitings in the ICU nowadays and the effectiveness of such visitings has become quite clear. The majority of therapeutic institutes still have a restricted visiting system. The present research seeks to study the obstacles to establishing a free visiting system according to health service providers from four aspects of attitude, knowledge, physical obstacles and cultural obstacles. This is a qualitative and descriptive research with three groups of participants including nurses, doctors and managers working in the subordinating hospitals of Iranian Medical Sciences University. Cluster sampling method was used for hospitals and simple random sampling was used in the ICU of hospitals while convenient sampling method was used for doctors and nurses in each unit. The last group included all the managers of that hospital. Each group answered a questionnaire with 40 questions designed in Likert scale whose validity and credibility was quite clear. Then, the resulting information was analyzed using SPSS16.0/win. the total number of participants from 21 hospitals and 86 units was 1008 people. The average age of the participants was 35 years old and some 66.7 % of them were female. The average working period in ICU was 60.47 months. Shortage of space and lack of separate beds were among the most important physical obstacles while unawareness of the procedure of disease and failing to control the emotions were among the most important cultural obstacles. Considering the negative attitude of the personnel and their limited awareness of the advantages of free visitings, training them and increasing their awareness of the advantages of free visitings are the most important strategies to change their attitude and make them accept this innovation. Considering the negative attitude of therapeutic personnel and their limited awareness of the advantages of free visitings, training them and enhancing their awareness of the advantages of free visitings are the most important strategies which can be utilized to change their attitude and make them accept innovations.

Visiting in ICU have always been quite restricted and limited. This restriction and separation from family on one side and encountering an unknown environment and fear of the unknown increases the fear on the other side. It will turn into a crisis for the patient and his family and causes severe concern and turmoil for them. However, there is no reason to restrict visitings in the ICU nowadays and the effectiveness of such visitings has become quite clear. The majority of therapeutic institutes still have a restricted visiting system. The present research seeks to study the obstacles to establishing a free visiting system according to health service providers from four aspects of attitude, knowledge, physical obstacles and cultural obstacles. This is a qualitative and descriptive research with three groups of participants including nurses, doctors and managers working in the subordinating hospitals of Iranian Medical Sciences University. Cluster sampling method was used for hospitals and simple random sampling was used in the ICU of hospitals while convenient sampling method was used for doctors and nurses in each unit. The last group included all the managers of that hospital. Each group answered a questionnaire with 40 questions designed in Likert scale whose validity and credibility was quite clear. Then, the resulting information was analyzed using SPSS16.0/win. the total number of participants from 21 hospitals and 86 units was 1008 people. The average age of the participants was 35 years old and some 66.7 % of them were female. The average working period in ICU was 60.47 months. Shortage of space and lack of separate beds were among the most important physical obstacles while unawareness of the procedure of disease and failing to control the emotions were among the most important cultural obstacles. Considering the negative attitude of the personnel and their limited awareness of the advantages of free visitings, training them and increasing their awareness of the advantages of free visitings are the most important strategies to change their attitude and make them accept this innovation. Considering the negative attitude of therapeutic personnel and their limited awareness of the advantages of free visitings, training them and enhancing their awareness of the advantages of free visitings are the most important strategies which can be utilized to change their attitude and make them accept innovations.

Immigration of those working in the health sector (including nurses) as parts of the intellectual assets of a country is of great political, social and economic importance. Due to its influence on the efficiency and effectiveness of the healthcare system, lack of nurses is one of the major concerns in many developing countries. Meanwhile, the availability of various incentives encouraging the nurses to immigrate to other countries is another cause which has further complicated the situation in the countries of origin. Problems such as job dissatisfaction, social or political unrest and less social welfare are some of the factors that increase the pace of this immigration. The present review article seeks to study the causes of nurses’ immigration, the problems caused by it and possible solutions.

Immigration of those working in the health sector (including nurses) as parts of the intellectual assets of a country is of great political, social and economic importance. Due to its influence on the efficiency and effectiveness of the healthcare system, lack of nurses is one of the major concerns in many developing countries. Meanwhile, the availability of various incentives encouraging the nurses to immigrate to other countries is another cause which has further complicated the situation in the countries of origin. Problems such as job dissatisfaction, social or political unrest and less social welfare are some of the factors that increase the pace of this immigration. The present review article seeks to study the causes of nurses’ immigration, the problems caused by it and possible solutions.

‫قشالق‬ ‫قبنعی‬ ‫رضب‬ 6 ‫چکیده‬ ‫وهدف:‬ ‫زمینه‬ ‫ز‬ ‫هتبثَلیه‬ ‫عٌسرم‬ ‫ثزٍس‬ ‫ذؽز‬ ‫افغززگی‬ ‫اعت.‬‫ػزٍلی‬ ‫للجی‬ ‫ّبی‬ ‫ثیوبری‬ ‫ثب‬ ‫هزتجػ‬ ‫ذؽز‬ ‫ػَاهل‬ ‫اس‬ ‫هتبثَلیه‬

‫قشالق‬ ‫قبنعی‬ ‫رضب‬ 6 ‫چکیده‬ ‫وهدف:‬ ‫زمینه‬ ‫ز‬ ‫هتبثَلیه‬ ‫عٌسرم‬ ‫ثزٍس‬ ‫ذؽز‬ ‫افغززگی‬ ‫اعت.‬‫ػزٍلی‬ ‫للجی‬ ‫ّبی‬ ‫ثیوبری‬ ‫ثب‬ ‫هزتجػ‬ ‫ذؽز‬ ‫ػَاهل‬ ‫اس‬ ‫هتبثَلیه‬

Background: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of education on anxiety and depression in patients with myocardial infarction in selected hospitals of Urmia hospitals in 2009. Methods: This study was a quasi-experimental study that comprised 124 patients selected randomly and divided into two groups. The experimental group was educated by a face to face training and educational booklet. Control group did not receive any intervention. The level of anxiety and depression was evaluated by using HADS questionnaire at 3 intervals. After 48 hours of admission, discharge day and 2 months after discharge. Results: The findings suggest that MI patients worried about their social role, interpersonal relations and personal health, which can exacerbate symptoms and complicate their future care. There was no significant difference between control and experimental groups before the intervention, But after the intervention, anxiety and depression in the experimental group was significantly less than control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Considering the beneficial effect of intervention on reducing anxiety and depression in such patients, the patient's education should be one of the health care goals. Most researches may also be required toconfirm the results in other groups of patients.

Introduction: Under sedation and over sedation cause several problems for critical care patients. There are no truly validated instruments for monitoring intensive care unit sedation. The purpose of this study was to determine the validity and reliability of glasgow coma scale modified by palma and cook in adult patients hospitalized in intensive care unit by untrained evaluators. Methods: The study is analytical. After translating the English version of (GCSC) into persian through international Quality of life assessment method, eight surveyors (principle investigator (PI), six nurses and one resident anesthesiologist), 70 patients hospitalized in critical care unit were selected through purposeful sampling. PI and all investigators evaluated the patients independently and recorded a GCSC score. In addition, the PI marked a 10cm Visual Analog Scale and recorded Richmond sedation agitation score in order to determine of validity GCSC. Evaluators had not received training about glasgow coma scale modified by palma and cook. Results: Interclass correlation coefficient between inter-rater in untrained group for Glasgow coma scale modified by palma and cook  showed 0.898 and the weighted kappa score for interrater agreement was 0.894with, P > 0.001. Also positive and significant (P<0.001) correlations between GCSC score with visual analog scale (r=0.91), with Richmond sedation agitation scale (r=0.897) and with Glasgow Coma (r= 0.897) were observed. Conclusions: Validity and reliability of Glasgow coma scale modified by palma and cook for assessing the level of sedation in adult patients hospitalized in intensive care can be approved even by untrained evaluators.

Background: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of education on anxiety and depression in patients with myocardial infarction in selected hospitals of Urmia hospitals in 2009. Methods: This study was a quasi-experimental study that comprised 124 patients selected randomly and divided into two groups. The experimental group was educated by a face to face training and educational booklet. Control group did not receive any intervention. The level of anxiety and depression was evaluated by using HADS questionnaire at 3 intervals. After 48 hours of admission, discharge day and 2 months after discharge. Results: The findings suggest that MI patients worried about their social role, interpersonal relations and personal health, which can exacerbate symptoms and complicate their future care. There was no significant difference between control and experimental groups before the intervention, But after the intervention, anxiety and depression in the experimental group was significantly less than control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Considering the beneficial effect of intervention on reducing anxiety and depression in such patients, the patient's education should be one of the health care goals. Most researches may also be required toconfirm the results in other groups of patients.

Introduction: Under sedation and over sedation cause several problems for critical care patients. There are no truly validated instruments for monitoring intensive care unit sedation. The purpose of this study was to determine the validity and reliability of glasgow coma scale modified by palma and cook in adult patients hospitalized in intensive care unit by untrained evaluators. Methods: The study is analytical. After translating the English version of (GCSC) into persian through international Quality of life assessment method, eight surveyors (principle investigator (PI), six nurses and one resident anesthesiologist), 70 patients hospitalized in critical care unit were selected through purposeful sampling. PI and all investigators evaluated the patients independently and recorded a GCSC score. In addition, the PI marked a 10cm Visual Analog Scale and recorded Richmond sedation agitation score in order to determine of validity GCSC. Evaluators had not received training about glasgow coma scale modified by palma and cook. Results: Interclass correlation coefficient between inter-rater in untrained group for Glasgow coma scale modified by palma and cook  showed 0.898 and the weighted kappa score for interrater agreement was 0.894with, P > 0.001. Also positive and significant (P<0.001) correlations between GCSC score with visual analog scale (r=0.91), with Richmond sedation agitation scale (r=0.897) and with Glasgow Coma (r= 0.897) were observed. Conclusions: Validity and reliability of Glasgow coma scale modified by palma and cook for assessing the level of sedation in adult patients hospitalized in intensive care can be approved even by untrained evaluators.