Md Raihan Hossain

The performance of drug-loaded electrospun nanofibres is governed not only by drug content but also by the spatial distribution of the drug within the fibre matrix, which determines release kinetics and biological response. Here, we demonstrate that dose-dependent surface crystallisation of dexamethasone (DEX) in electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL)/gelatin nanofibres controls drug release behaviour and subsequent macrophage-mediated inflammation. Nanofibre mats containing 0, 1, and 2 wt% DEX (PG0, PG1, PG2) were fabricated and systematically characterised. Scanning electron microscopy revealed a change from homogeneous fibres (PG0) to surface-decorated crystalline domains with increasing drug loading, which indicates a supersaturation-driven phase separation during electrospinning. This morphological evolution directly governs the transport behaviour: PG2 exhibits a pronounced burst release due to surface-localised drug, whereas PG1 shows a balanced release profile with both surface-accessible and matrix-embedded drug fractions. Release characteristics result in different biological outcomes. PG1 and PG2 strongly inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) in LPS-stimulated macrophages (~70–75% reduction), confirming retained drug bioactivity. However, higher drug loading (PG2) leads to lower fibroblast viability and compromised mechanical integrity. Importantly, PG1 shows a desirable balance of controlled drug release, cytocompatibility (>90% viability) and mechanical performance (~8 MPa) with effective anti-inflammatory activity. Degradation studies also show controlled structural evolution without destabilisation upon pH change, demonstrating suitability for wound environments. These results reveal surface crystallisation as an important design parameter for electrospun drug delivery systems and demonstrate that optimal therapeutic performance is controlled by intermediate drug loading, not maximum loading, providing a mechanistic framework for the rational design of immunomodulatory wound dressings.

Waterproof breathable fabrics play a critical role in modern textiles by providing protection against environmental moisture while allowing perspiration vapor to escape, thereby maintaining thermal comfort and wearability. These materials are widely used in outdoor apparel, protective clothing, medical textiles, and technical applications where both waterproofness and breathability are required. However, achieving an optimal balance among water resistance, moisture vapor transport, durability, and environmental sustainability remains a significant challenge in textile engineering. This review provides a comprehensive overview of waterproof breathable fabrics by examining their historical development, moisture transport mechanisms, material structures, and performance evaluation methods. The review critically compares major technologies including membrane‐based systems, coated fabrics, laminate constructions, and emerging hybrid materials. Key performance parameters such as hydrostatic resistance, moisture vapor transmission rate (MVTR), and evaporative resistance (RET) are discussed to evaluate the functional effectiveness of these fabrics under practical conditions. Recent advances in nanotechnology, smart textiles, adaptive polymers, and sustainable materials are highlighted as emerging approaches for improving moisture management, durability, and environmental compatibility. In addition, the review discusses the limitations of current technologies, including durability challenges, environmental concerns associated with fluorinated treatments, and the influence of environmental conditions on breathability performance. Finally, future research directions are outlined, emphasizing the development of PFAS‐free coatings, recyclable membrane systems, smart moisture‐regulating fabrics, and advanced manufacturing technologies. By synthesizing recent progress and identifying key challenges, this review provides insights that may guide the development of next‐generation waterproof breathable fabrics with improved performance and sustainability.

Medical textiles are an increasingly dynamic interdisciplinary area of interest, bringing together materials science, biomedical engineering, and healthcare technologies. The present review gives an overview and organized overview of the current situation in medical textiles, and it classifies those textiles into four broad categories: implantable, nonimplantable, healthcare and hygiene, and smart textiles. Each type of those four categories is considered by their functional needs, composition of material, production methods, and clinical usages. Detailed attention has been given to the latest progress of nanotechnology, bioresponsive polymers, and integration of smart textiles for diagnosing and therapeutic treatments. In addition, this paper critically assesses the sustainability issues of the generation of wastes, carbon emissions, and the ability of biodegradability by life cycle assessment (LCA) and circular design approaches. Important issues of scalability, harmony of regulations globally, and ethical issues related to data secrecy of smart textiles are also considered. By integrating various frontiers of the scattered and impoverished literature and emerging open challenges, the present review gives the strategic map of the next generation of intelligent, green, and patient‐oriented medically oriented textiles to be designed and implemented by the researchers, industry players, and clinicians.