Imants Zālītis

This presentation explores the potential of small ports in Latvia, Estonia, and Lithuania to support methanol bunkering networks, based on vessel traffic patterns and port activity in the eastern Baltic Sea. The presentation was delivered at the IAME 2025 Conference in Bergen, Norway.

Abstract The maritime sector faces increasing regulatory and economic pressure to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, requiring region-specific evaluation of alternative marine fuels. This study examines the short-term (10–15 years) usefulness of alternative fuels in the Baltic Sea Region through an integrated assessment combining literature review, regional trade analysis using Eurostat and HELCOM data, vessel segmentation, infrastructure readiness analysis, and techno-economic modelling. A GT–LOA conversion formula is derived from ship databases to improve vessel-based fuel demand estimation and support infrastructure compatibility analysis. The results identify e-LPG, e-LNG, green methanol, ammonia, and biofuels as the most viable fuels for the transition period, emphasizing the role of infrastructure availability, regulatory cost mechanisms, and vessel size distribution in shaping adoption pathways. The findings indicate that the Baltic Sea Region is entering a critical transitional phase in which alternative fuels can be deployed through phased implementation strategies combining transitional and zero-carbon options. The study provides decision support for policymakers, port authorities, and industry stakeholders regarding fuel investment planning, infrastructure development, and emerging maritime energy business opportunities.

The maritime industry is undergoing a shift toward sustainability, with methanol emerging as a viable alternative fuel to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This study explores the potential of small ports in Latvia, Estonia, and Lithuania as strategic nodes for methanol bunkering. By analyzing vessel movements, port infrastructure, and trade flows from 2014 to 2024, the research identifies opportunities for integrating methanol refueling within the regional maritime network. The study categorizes vessels based on size and type, focusing on general cargo ships, tankers, and bulk carriers, while excluding passenger and Ro-Ro vessels due to their distinct operational patterns. Consideration is given to Just-In-Time arrival principles, winter navigation challenges, and regulatory frameworks such as the IMO’s decarbonization goals and the EU’s Emissions Trading System. The findings highlight that small ports can play a complementary role in the transition to green shipping by providing decentralized refueling options for vessels operating in the Baltic region. The study contributes to discussions on alternative fuel adoption by offering insights into the feasibility of methanol bunkering and the strategic adaptation of small ports to emerging fuel demands. The paper was presented at the International Association of Maritime Economists (IAME) 2025 Conference and published as part of the conference proceedings.