Sowmiya L

Adders play a critical role as primary modules in circuit design, supporting error-tolerant applications such as machine learning, digital image processing, and signal processing. Therefore, the development of adders with low power consumption and energy efficiency is of utmost importance. Approximate adders outperform exact adders in VLSI chips. Among approximate adders, the hybridization of Single Exact and Single Approximation (SESA) and Single Exact and Dual Approximation (SEDA) techniques has emerged as a promising solution. These hybrid adders offer superior power and energy savings relative to other accurate and approximate adder designs. In this scheme, we propose the integration of hybrid radix-4 adders with approximation adders to achieve enhanced performance and pave the way for future hybrid approximate adder circuits. Extensive simulations validated the efficacy of the proposed approach. Furthermore, practical applications demonstrated the versatility and potential of hybrid adders in real-world scenarios. The proposed methodology ensures cost-effectiveness and facilitates seamless future updates and extensions. Overall, this research contributes to the advancement of efficient and low-power adder designs, addressing the evolving requirements of modern digital systems.

Networks play an important role in the day-to-day life of every individual. Networks are involved in the transmission of necessary information between the sender and receiver in the channel. Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) is a major advancement in the field of network communication. Due to the arrival of the Micro Electromechanical System (MEMS) and several intelligent sensors, collaboration with WBAN makes accurate predictions of parameters in the human body. WBAN has numerous applications in medical and non-medical fields. WBANs have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in real-time health monitoring, facilitating the collection of vital physiological data from individuals in diverse environments. Firstly, their low-power and energy-efficient design ensures prolonged device operation, making them suitable for continuous monitoring over extended periods. Additionally, the miniaturization of sensors and the integration of wireless communication technologies enable seamless data transmission to centralized healthcare systems. Furthermore, the integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms in WBAN systems has enabled personalized health analytics, allowing for more precise and context-aware health monitoring. This paper gives a survey of the WBAN standard, security in WBAN, several authentication approaches, routing, and MAC protocols. In addition, this paper describes the challenges faced by WBAN, such as network partitioning, changes in postures, lifetime issues, and quality of service (QoS). At last, the advancement in WBAN is for future improvement in the area of body area networks.

In the world of digitalization, low-power circuits are necessary for building fast operating processors. Additionally, low-power circuits consume less energy and the lifetime of the electronic devices can extended to the maximum. Adders are significantly used in digital image processing techniques and for many Very Large-Scale Integration (VLSI) applications. Due to this, demand for creating efficient adders has become high in recent years. Using approximate adders is much more convenient than exact adders and the results of approximation adders are better than exact adders. Approximation adders can be executed for many signal-processing applications and are mainly considered for image-processing applications. SESA and SEDA are very good in providing efficiently lower energy when compared to other mirror adder circuits and are cost-efficient. Improvements and further extensions of the proposed model can easily make for building efficient microprocessor chips and these adders are used in next-generation electronic devices.

Due to the emergence of telemedicine systems it is necessary to develop a system that gives accurate results and improves security in the network channel. Nowadays Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) makes a vital role in providing a better telemedicine system. WBAN is a non-invasive mechanism and it can predict many unknown diseases accurately even when a medical practitioner cannot able to predict the diseases. In WBAN, the patient is connected to sensors such as Electro Encephalo Gram (EMG), Electro Cardio Gram (EEG), insulin pump and SPO2 meter. WBAN uses both implantable and wearable sensors. These sensors in the patient body collects the medical data of patient and sent it through the medical practitioner via network channel. Medical practitioner sees the stored medical data in medical server and writes prescription according to it. The problem statement is that the attacker may attack and take patient data or act like medical practitioner and spread false information inside the network channel. In order to prevent this, WBAN must have an enhanced system that prevent and guard against security attacks. In proposed system, initially the patient and medical practitioner register with their original identities in the cloud server. The cloud server issues public and private keys with an elliptic curve to patient and medical practitioner for anonymous authentication. After the process, cloud server collects the data of the patient and store it in a blockchain. Medical practitioner checks the data in the block chain and sends medical prescription after confirmation of authenticated patient. Using of blockchain with cloud server increases the resistant to security attacks and patient data will be all time in the blockchain so the medical practitioner can easily retrieve the patient data without any delay. The proposed work is strength to many security attacks and provided reduced computation cost for cloud based WBAN with blockchain.

Due to the recent emerging trends in technology, Vehicle to Grid (V2G) networks plays a major role in smart grid system. Now a days using of electric vehicles has increased than the usage of fuel-based automobiles under transportation. Electric vehicles mainly use electricity instead of fuels that is distributed by the charging terminal. Generally, the charging terminal will be situated in gasoline stations or on road sides and electric vehicles get charged at the stations. In V2G communication networks, the communication takes place between the charging terminal and the electric vehicle will be affected by several cyber-attacks. In addition to that, the electric vehicle owner’s personal information should be kept secure. In this proposed system, charging terminal and electric vehicles initially register their identities at the control authority. Using of Anonymous mutual authentication scheme, the charging terminal and the electric vehicle authenticates with each other and establish protected communication between them. During Session Key Exchange protocol, the information passed from the charging terminal will be transferred to the electric vehicle with the help of session keys. Duplicate identity of the charging terminal and electric vehicle is created in order to protect the original identity of the users who are present in V2G networks. Proposed scheme gives strength against various security attacks and cost of the system is also reduced. The main aim of this proposed system is to maintain confidentiality and integrity among the V2G communication networks.

Currently, the development of advanced systems in the healthcare industry involves in introducing new technical methods and made a big contribution in saving a person's life rather than the practice of traditional medical methods. Wireless body area network (WBAN) plays a major and vital in developing modern healthcare system. In modern days the healthcare information of patient provided by a medical practitioner get stores in the digital network sites and involves in the trouble of cyber threats and various attacks that may lead to leakage of confidential information of patient in unauthorized sites and sell the medical data illegally. In order to prevent this cause, the proposed system focus on integrity and confidentiality of communication between patient and medical practitioner. The WBAN sensors that are placed in the patient body sends the parameters of the body's state to the medical server and get checked by medical partitioner. Mutual authentication and session key exchange protocol involves securing the integrity, confidentiality of information transferring in between patient and medical practitioner. The proposed system can resist several cyber-attacks and reduced system costs.