Anam Farzand

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is rare malignancy worldwide, yet it is prevalent in South part of China, North, Southeast part of Asia and Arctic. The core components in arrears to this exceptional topographical dispersion stay obscure. Although Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) contamination already appeared as per an imperative cause intended for undistinguishable NPC, the EBV itself isn't adequate to the actual cause of carcinoma. Additionally, co-factors, for example, environmental factors & genetic vulnerability might be related with EBV to commence a share in NPC carcinogenesis. Endurance amounts contrast amongst the patients of NPC at the beginning and last phases. Because of nearby relationship among EBV contamination and risk associated with NPC, Biomarkers related with EBV have been utilized for primary position and NPC evaluation in a couple of extraordinary-occurrence regions. Many vaccines and therapeutic trials also have been performed on patients with NPC. The most recent clinical updates and therapeutic trials have been discussed in this review article.

Background: Obesity is a multifactorial global health crisis exacerbated by modern food marketing strategies that encourage the consumption of energy-dense, nutrient-poor (EDNP) foods. Children and socio-economically disadvantages groups are particularly vulnerable to the cognitive and emotional cues embedded in food advertising. Objectives: To investigate the ethical aspects of marketing to vulnerable groups, evaluate the shortcomings of the current regulatory frameworks, critically analyze the impact of food marketing on consumer behavior and dietary patterns, and offer policy-relevant insights for public health interventions. Methods: Multidisciplinary sources from the fields of public health, behavioral psychology, marketing science, and nutrition policy were synthesized through an extensive narrative review. Through methodical searches of databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, peer-reviewed and gray literature were found. Among the theoretical models used are the REFCAM model, the Theory of Planned Behavior, and the Social Cognitive Theory. Results: Food marketing uses digital microtargeting, sensory cues, and psychological priming to influence consumption. Overconsumption has become commonplace due to strategies including portion control, manipulating brand loyalty, and health halo benefits. Despite global variation in regulatory responses, corporate lobbying, disjointed governance, and inadequate digital oversight often limit their effectiveness. Marketing aimed at minorities and children raises ethical concerns, as there is proof of exploitation through deceptive and culturally specific advertising. Comparative case studies highlight regulatory achievements (like Chile and France) as well as failures (like UK policy delays). Conclusion: Food marketing is a major contributor to the development of obesogenic environments, despite being poorly controlled. A change from reactive to proactive, system-level governance is necessary to combat obesity. Strong digital control, more stringent nutrient profiling, and a moral shift in food marketing strategies are all part of this. Promoting healthy choices and safeguarding vulnerable people require cross-sectoral collaboration.

Obesity is a highly complex, multifactorial disease influenced by dynamic interactions among genetic, epigenetic, environmental, and behavioral determinants that explicitly position genetics as the core. While advances in multi-omic integration have revolutionized our understanding of adiposity pathways, translation into personalized clinical nutrition remains a critical challenge. This review systematically consolidates emerging insights into the molecular and nutrigenomic architecture of obesity by integrating data from large-scale GWAS, functional epigenomics, nutrigenetic interactions, and microbiome-mediated metabolic programming. The primary aim is to systematically organize and synthesize recent genetic and genomic findings in obesity, while also highlighting how these discoveries can be contextualized within precision nutrition frameworks. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science up to July 2024 using MeSH terms, nutrigenomic-specific queries, and multi-omics filters. Eligible studies were classified into five domains: monogenic obesity, polygenic GWAS findings, epigenomic regulation, nutrigenomic signatures, and gut microbiome contributions. Over 127 candidate genes and 253 QTLs have been implicated in obesity susceptibility. Monogenic variants (e.g., LEP, LEPR, MC4R, POMC, PCSK1) explain rare, early-onset phenotypes, while FTO (polygenic) and MC4R (monogenic mutations as well as common polygenic variants) represent major loci across populations. Epigenetic mechanisms, dietary composition, physical activity, and microbial diversity significantly recalibrate obesity trajectories. Integration of genomics, functional epigenomics, precision nutrigenomics, and microbiome science presents transformative opportunities for personalized obesity interventions. However, translation into evidence-based clinical nutrition remains limited, emphasizing the need for functional validation, cross-ancestry mapping, and AI-driven precision frameworks. Specifically, this review systematically identifies and integrates evidence from genomics, epigenomics, nutrigenomics, and microbiome studies published between 2000 and 2024, applying structured inclusion/exclusion criteria and narrative synthesis to highlight translational pathways for precision nutrition.

BACKGROUND: Syndromic forms of obesity are uncommon, complicated illnesses that include early-onset obesity along with other clinical characteristics such as organ-specific abnormalities, dysmorphic symptoms, and intellectual incapacity. These syndromes frequently have a strong genetic foundation, involving copy number variations, monogenic mutations, and chromosomal abnormalities. METHODS: Using terms like "syndromic obesity," "genetic diagnosis," and "monogenic obesity," a comprehensive literature search was conducted to find articles published between 2000 and 2025 in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Peer-reviewed research addressing the clinical, molecular, or genetic aspects of syndromic obesity were among the inclusion criteria. Conference abstracts, non-English publications, and research without genetic validation were among the exclusion criteria. The whole genetic, clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic domains were thematically synthesized to create a thorough, fact-based story. Research using chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA), whole-exome sequencing (WES), next-generation sequencing (NGS), and new long-read sequencing platforms was highlighted. RESULTS: Despite the fact that molecular diagnostics, especially NGS and CMA, have made tremendous progress in identifying pathogenic variants, between 30 and 40 percent of instances of syndromic obesity are still genetically unexplained. One significant issue is the variation in phenotype across people with the same mutation, which suggests the impact of environmental modifiers and epigenetic variables. In addition, differences in access to genetic testing, particularly in areas with limited resources, can make it difficult to diagnose patients in a timely manner. Additionally, recent research emphasizes the possible contribution of gene-environment interactions, gut microbiota, and multi-omic integration to modifying disease expression. CONCLUSIONS: Syndromic obesity is still poorly understood in a variety of groups despite significant advancements in technology. Multi-layered genomic investigations, functional genomic integration, and standardized diagnostic frameworks are necessary to close existing gaps. The development of tailored treatment plans, such as gene editing and focused pharmaceutical therapies as well as fair access to cutting-edge diagnostics are essential to improving outcomes for people with syndromic obesity.

Chemotherapy and other traditional anticancer treatments are losing their efficacy in the battle against cancer. As a result, cancer treatment strategies must be continually adjusted to meet the rising demand for alternative medicines. Several viral and non-viral vectors have been used previously. However, it has been shown that microorganisms are a strong contender for successfully combating cancer. They are a remarkable source of toxins, polysaccharides, tumor-specific anticancer genes, nanodrugs and gene-delivery vectors. One of the emerging key players in cancer therapy is bacteria. It has been demonstrated that traditional methods of altering the microbiome, such as antibiotics, probiotics and microbiota transplants, can sometimes increase the effectiveness of cancer therapies. However, problems with these methods, such as consistency and collateral damage to the commensal microbiota, spur the development of new technologies specifically aimed at the microbiome-cancer interface. In light of nanotechnology’s success in transforming cancer diagnostics and treatment, nanotechnologies with the capacity to control interactions that occur across microscopic and molecular length scales in the microbiome and the tumor microenvironment have the potential to provide innovative methods for cancer treatment. The relationship between nanotechnology, the microbiome and cancer offers tremendous potential. This paper highlights the contributions of significant bacterial groups to several anticancer research fields.

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is an uncommon type of malignancy/cancer worldwide. However, NPC is an endemic disease in southeast Asia and southern China and the reasons behind the underlying for such changes are unclear. Even though the Epstein-Barr infection (EBV) has been suggested as an important reason for undistinguishable NPC, the EBV itself is not adequate to source this type of cancer. The risk factors, for example, genetic susceptibility, and environmental factors might be associated with EBV to undertake a part in the NPC carcinogenesis. Normal healthy people have a memory B cell pool where the EBV persists, and any disturbance of this connection leads to virus-associated B cell malignancies. Less is known about the relationship between EBV and epithelial cell tumors, especially the EBV-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (EBVaNPC) and EBV-associated gastric carcinoma (EBVaGC). Currently, it is believed that premalignant genetic changes in epithelial cells contribute to the aberrant establishment of viral latency in these tumors. The early and late phases of NPC patients' survival rates vary significantly. The presence of EBV in all tumor cells presents prospects for the development of innovative therapeutic and diagnostic techniques, despite the fact that the virus's exact involvement in the carcinogenic process is presently not very well known. EBV research continues to shed light on the carcinogenic process, which is important for a more comprehensive knowledge of tumor etiology and the development of targeted cancer therapeutics. In order to screen for NPC, EBV-related biomarkers have been widely used in a few high-incidence locations because of their close associations with the risks of NPC. The current review highlights the scientific importance of EBV and its possible association with NPC.

Pregnancy or gestation is a physiological condition in which various physiological changes occur. Although pregnancy is a normal phenomenon, several hematological parameters are varied to fulfill the needs of the developing fetus. Sometimes pregnancy becomes complicated due to these changes. Objective: To determine the changes in the hematological profile of healthy pregnant females. Methods: 180 females aged 21 to 34 participated in this study and were placed in a first, second, and third group according to their trimesters, while the fourth group was the control. Each contained 45 females. These women were examined for 12 hematological parameters. Results: When compared with control, it was observed that Hb and RBCs (p-value < 0.05) were lower than control while WBCs (p-value ≤ 0.03) were increased. MCV, MCH and MCHC (p-value < 0.05) showed discontinuous variations along three trimesters. Increase in platelets and neutrophils while a decrease in monocytes, eosinophils, and lymphocytes was observed (p-value <0.02). Conclusions: This study reported several changes in pregnant females' hematological parameters, which helped determine the reference ranges for these parameters. Moreover, pregnant women should have a balanced diet, and their hematological profile should be regularly monitored

Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs) have been used for treating inflammatory disorders. Due to the large size of BMSCs compared to nanoparticles, BMSCs cannot be loaded into the nanoparticles. It is hypothesized that BMSCs lysate loading into the nanocarriers will effectively deliver cellular contents and regulatory elements of BMSCs at the injury site. This study aimed to investigate nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) loading with BMSCs lysate through basic characterization and morphological analysis. Moreover, this study was mainly designed to investigate the role of NLC loaded BMSCs lysate in reducing inflammation via in-vitro and in-vivoassays. The in-vitro study involves cell viability assays, p53, annexin V and VEGF expression through ELISA and immunocytochemistry, real-time BAX, caspase-3, IL-6, IL-8, TOP2A, PCNA, and Ki-67 gene expression analysis. Additionally, to evaluate in-vivo anti-inflammatory activity, the carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema model was used. In-vitro results showed that NLC loaded BMSCs lysate increased cell viability, decreased apoptosis and pro-inflammatory genes expression and up-regulated angiogenesis and proliferation in H2O2 pre-stimulated cells. Findings of the in-vivo assay also indicated a reduction in rat's paw oedema volume in NLC-loaded BMSCs lysate, and downregulation of BAX, Caspase-3, IL-6, and IL-8 was observed. Enhanced expressions of TOP2A, PCNA, and Ki-67 were obtained. Concluding the results of this study, NLC-loaded BMSCs lysate could reduce inflammation and possibly regenerate damaged tissue mainly via increasing cell viability, angiogenesis and proliferation, and reducing apoptosis and pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Background: Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and their paracrine factors make them a suitable cell-free-therapeutic candidate. Cellular lysate usage could be an effective treatment strategy that circumvents the possible associated drawbacks of stem cell therapies. Objective: Thus, this research aims to examine the injury regeneration potential of MSCs cellular lysate derived from bone marrow by studying its anti-apoptotic, proliferative, and anti-oxidative effects. Methods: Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was used to induce cellular injury. MTT assay, trypan blue, and crystal violet assays were used to assess bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cell (BMSCs) lysate treated cells' viabilities. Next, to investigate the BMSCs lysate anti-oxidative potential anti-oxidants, ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) assays were performed. Simultaneously, the proliferative and anti-apoptotic potential was measured via vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF A) and p53 expression analysis through immunostaining and ELISA. Results: It was observed that BMSCs lysate enhances the viability of H2O2 injured cells. APX, GR, and SOD's results indicated that after H2O2 injury, the anti-oxidant status decreased significantly and was uplifted by BMSCs lysate treatment. Additionally, the results of p53, BAX, and caspase-3 expression revealed that BMSCs lysate inhibits apoptosis by downregulating their expression in treated cells. The VEGF protein expression findings demonstrated that BMSCs lysate upregulates the downregulated expression of VEGF in H2O2 injured cells. The expression of proliferative markers (TOP2A, PCNA, and Ki-67) was also elevated in BMSCs treated cells. Conclusion: To conclude this study's findings, it was observed that BMSCs lysate could decrease H2O2 injury and possibly regenerate the injured cells by enhancing their viability and proliferation, improving anti-oxidants levels, and alleviating apoptosis.

Numerous plants are used as a traditional medicine in herbal therapy and are well known for their effective potential in therapeutics for different ailments. Carom [Trachyspermum ammi] is one of the plants that are crucial in medicine. It was cultivated first time in different regions of Asia. It has been used in traditional medicine for a long time in a variety of pharmacological and medicinal aspects. It is renowned for its curative value in different miseries, especially infections. Like other fatal diseases, great advancements have been made by utilizing the therapeutic abilities of different medicinal plants regarding the cure and control of cancer progression. However still, there is a need for improvement in treatment strategies and meeting up significant deficiencies in cancer management. Carom may have some progressive role in controlling such types of ailments. Moreover, it may be anticipated as an immunotherapeutic agent and would dominate other infection-controlling agents and cancer-treating strategies due to its higher efficiency as well as biosecurity free of adverse side effects.