Staphylococcus aureus is a common pathogen that can cause a wide range of infections, including endocarditis, severe bacteremia, and infections of the skin and soft tissues. Because of its resistance to β-lactam antibiotics, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), which is caused by the mecA gene encoding penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP2a), is a serious problem. This review describes the molecular mechanisms, regulatory pathways involving mecR1 and mecI, and the genetic context of mecA within the Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec (SCCmec). Along with diagnostic techniques like PCR, CRISPR-based detection, and next-generation sequencing, we investigate the epidemiology of hospital-acquired (HA-MRSA), community-acquired (CA-MRSA), and livestock-associated (LA-MRSA) strains. Vancomycin resistance is one of the therapeutic limitations that are addressed; new strategies such as phage therapy, combination therapies, and anti-PBP2a inhibitors show promise. Emerging resistance mechanisms, such as mecC and biofilm formation, highlight the need for surveillance. In order to lessen MRSA's worldwide impact, future strategies will prioritize stewardship, new antibiotics, and quick diagnostics.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.70749/ijbr.v3i9.2302
Publish Year: 2025
