Heavy metals pollution is a major concern on a global scale.The present work evaluated the cadmium (Cd) and copper (Cu) concentrations in water, soil, forages (Avena sativa, Brassica campestris, Medicago sativa, Pennisetum glaucum and Trifolium alexandrinum), milk and hair samples of cows.The samples taken according to trophic levels of the food chain were collected from selected arid regions of Khushab, Punjab, Pakistan and analyzed by an atomic absorption spectrophotometer.The concentrations of Cd and Cu were found in the range of 0.041-0.065mg/L, 0.585-1.341mg/L in water; 0.223-2.600mg/kg, 11.550-15.853mg/kg in soil; 0.0037-0.682mg/kg, 3.0917-8.208mg/kg in fodder; 0.0457-0.137mg/kg, 0.0167-0.690mg/L in milk and 0.043-0.112mg/kg, 0.0427-0.497mg/kg in hair, respectively.The Cd and Cu concentrations in water, soil, forage, milk and hair were safer compared to standard limits.Bioconcentration factor (BCF), Enrichment factor (EF), Daily Intake of Metal (DIM), and Health Risk Index (HRI) were found less than 1 in Cd and Cu whereas PLI<1 in Cd and PLI>1 in Cu that indicates copper pollution in soil.So, regular monitoring of heavy metals was required to appraise contamination levels in the environment.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/175258
Publish Year: 2024
