: Significant associations between postoperative pain intensity and delirium severity were identified in cardiac surgery patients, whereas no similar pattern emerged among neurosurgical patients. Given the retrospective design and incomplete data on perioperative pharmacotherapy, the findings should be interpreted descriptively and do not support causal conclusions. These results underscore the importance of systematic monitoring of pain and cognitive function in high-risk postoperative populations and highlight the need for prospective studies to elucidate the complex interplay between pain, perioperative factors, and postoperative delirium.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14248840
Publish Year: 2025
