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This paper studies the effect of unemployment rate and GDP per capita on carbon dioxide emissions in Central Asia was determined using the "Panel ARDL - PMG" model. In the study, the unemployment rate and GDP per capita in Central Asia have a long-term positive effect on the annual CO2 emissions, and a short-term positive effect was observed only in the countries' economic development factor. According to the results of the research, unemployment rate in two countries in Central Asia has a negative effect on annual CO2 emissions in the short term, and in three countries it has a positive effect. Also, GDP per capita has a positive effect on annual CO2 emissions in the short term in one country in four countries. It was estimated that the secret was statistically insignificant. These results have important implications for policymakers, emphasizing the potential role of unemployment mitigation strategies in promoting environmental sustainability in Central Asia.
Type of the article: Research Article AbstractMitigating the effects of climate change has emerged as a crucial global need, with carbon dioxide emissions serving as the principal driver of greenhouse gas accumulation. This paper analyzes the factors influencing CO₂ emissions in G20 countries from 2000 to 2021, emphasizing the effects of renewable energy consumption, trade openness, economic growth, and energy intensity. The study utilizes advanced dynamic panel econometric techniques, namely, the Augmented Mean Group (AMG) Estimator and the Common Correlated Effects Mean Group (CCEMG) Estimator, which address cross-sectional dependence and parameter heterogeneity among nations. The analysis indicates that the use of renewable energy noticeably decreases CO₂ emissions, with elasticity values between –0.15 and –0.16. The effect is especially significant in lower-income G20 countries and during the post-2005 era. Economic growth indicates a strong positive correlation with CO₂ emissions, characterized by elasticity values ranging from 0.83 to 0.89, whereas energy intensity also displays positive effects with coefficients between 0.69 and 0.82. Trade openness exhibits insignificant statistical effects in both models. The heterogeneity study reveals that the emission-reduction potential of renewable energy is significantly greater in emerging nations than in advanced economies, with coefficients of –0.25 and –0.08, respectively. The results highlight the essential role of renewable energy transitions and enhancements in energy efficiency for meeting climate goals, especially when aligned with specific policies for various income levels and timeframes within the G20 context.
