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The causalities between carbon dioxide emissions, renewable and non-renewable energy consumption, economic growth, and urbanisation were examined for the panel of five countries (Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Venezuela) from Southern Common Market, over thirty-five years (1980–2014), using a panel vector autoregression. The empirical analysis pointed to the existence of bi-directional causality between the consumption of fossil fuels, economic growth, consumption of renewable energy, and carbon dioxide emissions; and a uni-directional relationship between the consumption of renewable energy and urbanisation. The research also proves that the countries from Southern Common Market are dependent on fossil fuels consumption and that urbanisation process is highly linked with the consumption of this type of energy. Additionally, it was found that these countries have low renewable energy participation in their energy mix. Nevertheless, a substitutability effect between the consumption of renewable energy and the consumption of fossil fuels, as a possible response to periods of scarcity in reservoirs, was detected. Policymakers of Southern Common Market countries should speed up the deep reforms regarding renewable energy to mitigate environmental degradation.
This analysis explored the effect of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) on greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) in a panel of twenty-nine countries from the European Union (EU) from 2010 to 2020. The method of moments quantile regression (MM-QR) was used, and the ordinary least squares with fixed effects (OLSfe) was used to verify the robustness of the results. The MM-QR support that in all three quantiles, economic growth causes a positive impact on GHGs. In the 50th and 75th quantiles, energy consumption causes a positive effect on GHGs. BEVs in the 25th, 50th, and 75th quantiles have a negative impact on GHGs. The OLSfe reveals that economic growth has a negative effect on GHGs, which contradicts the results from MM-QR. Energy consumption positively impacts GHGs. BEVs negatively impacts GHGs. Although the EU has supported a more sustainable transport system, accelerating the adoption of BEVs still requires effective political planning to achieve net-zero emissions. Thus, BEVs are an important technology to reduce GHGs to achieve the EU targets of decarbonising the energy sector. This research topic can open policy discussion between industry, government, and researchers, towards ensuring that BEVs provide a climate change mitigation pathway in the EU region.
This article investigates the effect of the renewable energy transition on CO2 emissions of Latin American & Caribbean (LAC) countries in the period from 1990 to 2014. To this end, a panel autoregressive distributed lags (PARDL) model in the form of an unrestricted error-correction model (UECM) is estimated. The PARDL indicates that the ratio of renewable energy that is a proxy of the renewable energy transition in the short and long-run has a negative impact on emissions of CO2 of −0.0675 and −0.0313, respectively. That is, the process of the energy transition can mitigate environmental degradation in LAC countries. Moreover, the empirical results also indicate that economic growth, trade openness and urbanisation contribute to the increase in CO2 emissions.
Income inequality and economic complexity impacts on ecological footprint were researched for a panel of twenty-five countries, from 1970 to 2016, using the panel quantile regression approach. Results support that the economic complexity index in the 10th and 25th quantiles and pooled OLS regression positively affects ecological footprint, but not in the 75th and 90th quantiles. Gross Domestic Product in the 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th quantiles have a positive effect on ecological footprint. Consumption of fossil fuels and population growth positively affects the ecological footprint in 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th quantiles and the pooled OLS. Income inequality in the 10th, 25th, and 50th quantiles and the OLS model regression positively affect ecological footprint. Economic openness in 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th quantiles and the pooled OLS negatively affect ecological footprint. Policymakers should promote policies to (i) encourage investment in green energy technologies and implement upgraded energy and environmental laws; (ii) diversify exports and sophisticate products in countries with a high ecological footprint; (iii) depth of human development to control for the population growth and stimulate the economic complexity; (vi) negotiate international trade agreements to open the economy; (v) implement measures to curb income inequality.
The contribution of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) to mitigating/reducing fine particulate matter (PM2.5) emissions was researched through a panel of 29 European countries from 2010 to 2019, using the econometric technique of method of moments quantile regression (MM-QR). This research is innovative by connecting the increasing use of electric vehicles with PM2.5 emissions and using the MM-QR to explore this relationship. Two models were estimated to analyse their contribution to reducing PM2.5 in European countries. The nonlinearity of the models were confirmed. The statistical significance of the variables is strong for the upper quantiles (75th and 90th), resulting from the effectiveness of European policies to improve the environment. Electric vehicles (BEVs and PHEVs), economic growth, and urbanisation reduce the PM2.5 problem, but energy intensity and fossil fuel consumption aggravate it. This research sheds light on how policymakers and governments can design proposals to encourage electric vehicle use in European countries. To achieve the long-term climate neutral strategy by 2050, it is imperative to implement effective policies to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels and promote the adoption of electric vehicles using renewable energy sources.
This investigation explored the impacts of energy transition and brain drain on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. A panel of seventy-five countries from 2006 to 2020 and the panel quantile regression were used to realize this investigation. The empirical results from the panel quantile regression indicated that the brain drain, trade openness, and economic growth increase CO2 emissions per capita. At the same time, the energy transition, energy efficiency, and urbanization mitigate the environmental degradation in this group of countries. Moreover, the Dumitrescu–Hurlin panel causality test indicated the presence of unidirectional causality from brain drain to CO2 emissions. The same test also suggests that the brain drains at all levels except 75th has positive and expressive effects on CO2 emissions—mainly in quantiles 10th and 25th, and the energy transition at all levels decreases CO2 emissions, being this effect more intense as quantiles levels up. This research contributes to the literature twofold. First, the study contributes to the literature by finding that brain drain provokes environmental degradation, which is more pronounced when CO2 emissions per capita are low. Second, this analysis assesses the impact of brain drain and energy transition on CO2 emissions of countries with similar convergence patterns. Indeed, it has the novelty of using criteria to include the countries in the panel. This criterion selects the countries by identifying which are more homogeneous and thus reduces the noise caused by divergent countries in the panel. Therefore, this research also opens the door to exploring energy transition based on countries with similar convergence patterns.
This study focuses on causal conditions that lead to high or low environmental performance (EPI) using fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis for 156 countries in 2018. Data for the EPI, economic growth, labor share of GDP, political freedom, the role of women, press freedom, corruption, and urbanization were used. Research findings allow us to conclude that no individual causal condition meets the necessary condition (thresholds) for high or low EPI. Five sufficient configurations for high EPI were found: (i) high GDP per capita is sufficient for high EPI; (ii) highly urbanized countries where corruption is absent; (iii) urbanized countries that protect individual rights and liberties and women's economic opportunities; (iv) high labor share of GDP coupled with the protection of individual freedom and women's economic rights; and (v) countries with high individual and press freedom where corruption is absent. Four sufficient configurations for low EPI were found: (vi) lack of protection of women's economic rights; (vii) lack of press freedom; (viii) low GDP per capita and high corruption rates, and urbanization as a peripheral condition; and (ix) low GDP per capita and high corruption rates and labor as a peripheral condition. Policymakers must acknowledge that there are many paths to improve environmental performance, contingent on the country's initial environmental development level.
The decarbonisation of the transportation sector is crucial to reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. This study analyses evidence from European countries regarding achievement of the European Commission’s goal of achieving carbon neutrality by 2050. Using panel quantile econometric techniques, the impact of battery-electric vehicles (BEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) on CO2 emissions in twenty-nine European Union (EU) countries from 2010–2020 was researched. The results show that BEVs and PHEVs are capable of mitigating CO2 emissions. However, each type of technology has a different degree of impact, with BEVs being more suited to minimizing CO2 emissions than PHEVs. We also found a statistically significant impact of economic development (quantile regression results) and energy consumption in increasing the emissions of CO2 in the EU countries in model estimates for both BEVs and PHEVs. It should be noted that BEVs face challenges, such as the scarcity of minerals for the production of batteries and the increased demand for mineral batteries, which have significant environmental impacts. Therefore, policymakers should adopt environmentally efficient transport that uses clean energy, such as EVs, to reduce the harmful effects on public health and the environment caused by the indiscriminate use of fossil fuels.
This paper revisited the link between intra-industry trade (IIT) between Portugal and Spain and Portuguese carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The research also considers the effects of foreign direct investment (FDI) on CO2 emissions, pondering the arguments of the pollution haven hypothesis and the halo hypothesis. As an econometric strategy, this investigation has applied panel data, namely a Pooled Mean Group of an Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model and Panel Quantile Regression (PQR). The preliminary unit root tests indicated that IIT, Portuguese and Spanish renewable energy, and Portuguese FDI are integrated into the first differences and stationary with the second generation test (Pesaran methodology). In the next step, this study applied the multicollinearity test and cross-dependence between the variables. The variance inflation factor test demonstrated that FDI and IIT have no multicollinear problems. However, as expected, collinearity exists between Portuguese and Spanish renewable energy. Regarding the cross-sectional dependence test, this investigation concluded that the variables have a dependence between them. The cointegration test revealed that the variables are overall cointegrated. In the econometric results with the ARDL estimator, this investigation has found that IIT between Portugal and Spain is negatively correlated with Portuguese CO2 emissions, showing that this type of trade encourages environmental improvements. However, the PQR demonstrates that there is an opposite relationship. According to this, Portuguese and Spanish renewable energy is negatively impacted by CO2 emissions, revealing that renewable energy aims to decrease pollution. Finally, Portuguese FDI reduces CO2 emissions, which is explained by product differentiation, innovation, and monopolistic competition.
The share of renewable energy consumption in total electricity consumption is analysed for a sample of forty-nine countries worldwide from 1985 to 2017. The analysis follows a two steps approach. First, the club convergence model was used to find the convergent countries. Second, a panel vector autoregression (PVAR) model estimation was used to analyse the convergent countries. Club convergence analysis confirms that forty-two countries are convergent in renewable energy consumption in total electricity consumption. The subgroup convergence tests confirm the existence of seven subgroups and one non-convergent group. Of these eight groups, the first seven are convergent among their group members, but the eighth group (Norway, Switzerland, Trinidad and Tobago) is non-convergent. The PVAR revealed a dense Granger causal relationship among the variables share of renewable electricity consumption, fossil consumption, GDP, trade openness, economic complexity, financial development, and oil prices. In their interventions, policymakers should be aware that the share of renewable energy consumption in total electricity consumption is very interdependent.
Abstract Today, many countries in the world pay special attention to energy efficiency to improve environmental quality and reduce the waste of energy resources. For this purpose, this research has investigated the economic complexity of energy intensity (EI) from 1995 to 2019 using club convergence and panel quantile regression (PQR) models. The club convergence results showed that out of 62 countries, 42 converged in energy intensity during the period. Then, using the PQR model, the determining factors of EI for these 42 countries were evaluated: economic complexity, urbanization, trade openness, industrial production, foreign direct investment, oil price, and economic growth. The result of the PQR model confirmed that economic complexity has an inverted U-shaped relationship with EI. Urbanization and foreign direct investment have a positive and increasing effect on EI. In addition, trade openness positively affects EI, mainly in the 10th and 25th quantiles. On the other hand, economic growth has a decreasing effect on EI. Moreover, industrialization and oil prices can reduce EI, particularly in the 90th quantile. Given the inverted U-shaped effect of the energy complexity on energy intensity, where the lower and higher quantiles are negative, it is advised that policymakers ought to promote the leap from lower levels of economic complexity to higher levels by reducing intermediate levels as much as possible. Policymakers should also be conscious that promoting the diffusion of economic complexity also mitigates noxious gas emissions.
Abstract This study analyzes non-hydroelectric renewable capacity across 27 European countries from 2000 to 2020, using advanced econometric techniques like the Dumitrescu and Hurlin panel Granger non-causality method, Panel Autoregressive Distributed Lag and Panel Quantile Autoregressive Distributed Lag estimations. This investigation reveals complex relationships extending beyond immediate variables. These relationships, rooted in pairwise causalities and broader interactions, underpin observed phenomena. Causality tests show that achieving non-hydroelectric renewable capacity is a long-term endeavor, emphasizing persistent policy approaches for effective energy transition. Three key variables emerge as potent policy drivers: maintaining an environment conducive to economic freedom, fostering financial development, and driving non-hydroelectric renewable patents’ research and development. These variables play a pivotal role in capacity expansion. Additionally, the findings of this empirical investigation spotlight the role of political orientations. Leftist governments have lagged in prioritizing energy transition, prompting questions about neglecting environmental concerns and necessitating comprehensive policy reform. In essence, this study offers novel insights into non-hydroelectric renewable energy deployment. By unraveling complex relationships, emphasizing persistent policies, and identifying key variables, this investigation provides a nuanced perspective in line with sustainable energy transition urgency. As global ecological imperatives heighten, our work guides informed policy decisions for a greener future.
Environmental innovations play a vital role in reducing air pollution and the number of pollution-related mortality. Most of the previous studies have examined the role of eco-innovations in environmental quality. However, to our knowledge, no study has evaluated the effects of eco-innovation on air pollution as a cause of mortality. For this purpose, this research examines the effect of eco-innovations on premature deaths from indoor and outdoor air pollution in twenty-nine European countries from 1995 to 2019. The Method of Moments Quantile Regression (MM-QR) is used to assess the impacts. The results confirm the heterogeneous effects of the main variables in both models. Both models indicate that eco-innovations reduce premature deaths from outdoor and indoor air pollution, and these effects are more significant in high quantities (75th and 90th). Also, the effect of eco-innovations on reducing mortality due to indoor pollution is more significant than that related to outdoor pollution. Eco-innovation, economic growth, renewable energy consumption, and urbanization reduce premature mortality indoors and outdoors, but CO<sub>2</sub> emissions increase this mortality. The results of the Dumitrescu-Hurlin causality test also support that all variables, including eco-innovation and CO<sub>2</sub> emissions, have a bidirectional causal relationship with indoor (LIND) and outdoor (LOUT) mortality due to air pollution. Governments and politicians can help mitigate this problem by providing more environmental innovations by increasing support packages and reducing taxes.
This investigation approaches the effects of financial openness on renewable energy investments. With the purpose of the realisation this study, the installed capacity of renewable energy was used as proxy o renewable energy investments, and ten Latin American countries from 1980 to 2014 were utilised. The empirical results indicated that the per capita economic growth in the short-run has a positive impact on the installed capacity of renewable energy, while the variable financial openness and general government capital stock per capita in the long-run exerts a positive effect. The PVAR model pointed out to a positive impact of per capita economic growth, financial openness, and general government capital stock per capita in the short-run. The Panel Granger causality Wald test revealed the existence of bi-directional causality between the variables of the model.
The impact of battery electric vehicles (BEV) on energy consumption was researched modeling energy consumption against BEVs, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and e-commerce, using annual data from 2010 to 2020, for twenty-nine European countries, with quantile regression and OLS with fixed effects econometric techniques. It was found that GDP and e-commerce impact energy consumption positively, and BEVs reduce energy consumption. These findings support that efficiency gains could not reduce energy consumption, and e-commerce, via extra packaging, further usage of computer processors, and cryptocurrencies to purchase products are hampering the environment. BEVs were revealed to be more energy-efficient than conventional cars. Thus, energy conservation policies to combat global warming and climate change arise. First, policies should offer an alternative packaging system to lower the negative environmental impacts of additional packaging for online purchases, stimulate smaller packages, free up additional space on the transport, enhance the delivery system efficiency, and promote alternative delivery systems. Second, offering subsidies for purchasing BEVs or tax rebates will increase the adoption rate of electric vehicles and combine this policy with the CO2 emissions’ regulations to stimulate the demand for BEVs. Finally, affordable charging points should be provided and customer awareness of the benefits of BEVs should be improved.
The relationship between the consumption of renewable energy, economic growth, and globalisation is investigated. Data for five Mercosur countries in the period between 1980 and 2014 and the PVAR methodology are used. The estimated model and the results of a Granger causality Wald test indicate that a bidirectional relationship exists between the consumption of energy (from both renewable and fossil sources) and economic growth, and suggest that the assessed countries’ economic growth is dependent on fossil fuels. There is also evidence of substitutability in the consumption of energy from renewable and fossil sources in periods of drought, and that the process of globalisation has a positive indirect influence on the Mercosur countries’ consumption of renewable energy.
Abstract In this study, we analysed the relationship between public capital stock, private capital stock and economic growth for a group of 30 Latin American and Caribbean countries from 1970 to 2014. To achieve our goals, the panel vector autoregression methodology, panel dynamic ordinary least squares and panel fully modified ordinary least squares estimators were used. The results from our estimations point to both public and private capital having a positive effect on the long-run economic growth of the countries in our sample. However, the results also point to public capital seeming to crowd private capital in the short run, which could consequently be one of the explanations for the adverse effect that public capital stock seems to have on growth. (A result which was also found in the short-run analysis.) These findings suggest that governments in Latin America and the Caribbean should continue to support public and private investment projects, given the positive effect that both types of capital seem to have on the long-run economic growth of these countries. However, some changes should be made in the planning and execution of such investments in order to avoid some undesirable effects that seem to exist, especially in the short run.
The effect of financial and fiscal incentive policies on the energy performance of residential properties in 19 districts of Portugal from 2014 to 2021 was investigated through econometric modelling. The Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) with the random-effects model was used to realise this empirical approach. The results indicated that the income per capita has a negative impact on housing with higher energy efficiency (certificates A+, A, and B). This result suggests that the income in Portugal is insufficient and impedes investment in highly energy-efficient housing. Consumers choose the less costly lower-efficiency housing certified in categories (C, D, E, and F). The impact of consumer credit is positive for higher-efficiency housing and negative for lower-grade certificates. As for fiscal policies, the effect is also positive for higher-grade certified housing (A+, A, B, and B−).
This research aims to answer two fundamental questions of the present time: First, what is the impact of the increasing complexity of economic structures and the production of complex goods on the environment? Second, can increasing export quality lead to the improvement of the environment? Given that the relationship of the ecological footprint and its determinants has been revealed to be nonlinear, the use of the quantile approach is supported. This finding led us to the central hypothesis of this research: economic complexity and export quality first deteriorate the ecological footprint (i.e., in lower quantiles), and the middle and higher quantiles contribute to reducing or mitigating environmental damage. The effect of economic complexity and export quality on the ecological footprint was researched using a two-step approach. First, club convergence was applied to identify the countries that follow a similar convergence path. After this, panel quantile regression was used to determine the explanatory power of economic complexity and export quality on the ecological footprint of 98 countries from 1990 to 2014. The club convergence revealed four convergent groups. Panel quantile regression was used because the relationship between the ecological footprint and its explanatory variables was shown to be nonlinear for the group of countries identified by the club convergence approach. GDP, nonrenewable energy consumption, and the population damage the environment. Urbanisation contributes to reducing the ecological footprint. Export quality and trade openness reduce the ecological footprint, but not at all quantiles. The effect of trade openness mitigating the ecological footprint is lost at the 90th quantile. Export quality becomes a reducer of the ecological footprint in the 50th quantile or above, and in the higher quantiles, its contribution to reducing the footprint is vast. Economic complexity aggravates the ecological footprint in low quantiles (10th), becomes non-statistically significant in the 25th quantile, and reduces the ecological footprint in higher quantiles. Policymakers must identify the impact of the ecological footprint and consider the demand and supply side of economics.
This study investigated the effect of technology and government policies on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in 36 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries from 1994 to 2015. This empirical investigation uses econometric models, such as panel quantile regression and ordinary least squares (OLS). The research uses the method proposed by Lin and Ng in 2015 to deal with parameter heterogeneity across countries that identified two separate groups. The empirical results indicated that Gross Domestic Product (GDP), fossil fuel consumption, industrialisation and taxation to GDP intensify CO2 emissions. In contrast, urbanisation (% of the total population), environmental patents, and environmental tax as a percentage of total tax reduce CO2 gas emissions. Estimates with homogeneity preserve the signs of the parameters but reveal substantial differences in intensity and that environmental tax revenues (as % of GDP and % of tax) are only statistically significant for our studied group 1. The conclusions of this study have important policy implications. The effect of industrialisation on environmental degradation is an observable fact. When the country reaches the allowable thresholds, it needs to maximize energy consumption. Policymakers should design policies that help them to promote environmentally sustainable economic growth by imposing and accumulating environmental taxes. In addition, environmental taxes, the discharge system and credit could support the modification of in-industrial structures and modes of economic growth. Policymakers should also use policies that encourage trade in nuclear-generated electricity to neighbouring OECD countries.
This investigation approached the impact of financial incentive policies for renewable energy development on economic growth using panel data with seventeen countries from Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) from 1990 to 2016. The fixed-effects model (FE) and the quantile via moments (QvM) models were used to accomplish this investigation. The FE and the QvM models showed that the financial incentive policies for renewable energy development and consumption of green energy, public and private capital stock, and globalisation increase economic activity in the countries from the LAC region, while gender inequality reduces it. Indeed, the positive impact of financial incentive policies for renewable energy development and consumption of green energy on economic growth could be related to the possible capacity of these policies to encourage investments in green energy technologies and the consumption of green energy.
The effect of energy policies on the energy performance of residential properties/houses in nineteen Portuguese districts from 2014 to 2021 was investigated. A linear random-effects model regression was used as the method in this empirical investigation. The empirical results indicated that the income per capita has a negative effect on residential properties with high energy efficiency certificates (e.g., A+, A, and B) and a positive impact on residential properties with low energy efficiency certificates (e.g., C, D, E, and F); the codes and standards energy policies for energy efficiency have a positive effect on residential properties with high energy efficiency certificates (e.g., A, B, and B−) and residential properties with low energy efficiency certificates (e.g., C, D, E, and F); the fiscal and financial incentive policies for energy efficiency have a positive effect on residential properties with high energy efficiency certificates (e.g., A+, A, and B) and a negative effect on residential properties with B− energy certificate, and also a negative effect on residential properties with low energy efficiency certificates (e.g., C and D) and a positive effect on residential properties with an F energy certificate; the information and education policies of energy efficiency have a positive effect on residential properties with high energy efficiency certificates (e.g., A+, A, and B) and residential properties with low energy efficiency certificates (e.g., C, D, and E); and, finally, the consumer credit per capita has a positive effect on residential properties with high energy efficiency certificates (e.g., A+, A, and B) and a negative effect on residential properties with low energy efficiency certificates (e.g., C, D, and F), as well as a positive effect on residential properties with an F energy certificate.
This research examines the effect of energy efficiency regulations on reducing energy poverty in residential dwellings in 18 municipalities of the Lisbon metropolitan area from 2014 to 2020. In its empirical investigation, this study uses Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) with fixed effects and Moments Quantile Regression (MM-QR) methodologies. The results of the OLS and MM-QR models suggest that energy efficiency regulations for the residential sector positively impact energy poverty (101.9252). However, this result may suggest that the current regulations are not effectively mitigating energy poverty in Lisbon’s metropolitan area and Portugal. This ineffectiveness could be due to economic, institutional, and behavioural barriers that impede the achievement of regulation policy goals. In maximising economic and social benefits, policymakers should consider implementing policies that link energy efficiency with clean energy generation in dwellings, promote economies of scale by recycling residuals from dwelling renovations, and provide clear guidance for materialising the energy strategy.
"The effect of capital stock development that is composed of public, private and public–private partnership capital stock on the installed capacity of renewable energy that is a proxy of renewable energy investment is investigated. Data for 18 countries from Latin America and the Caribbean region in the period between 1990 and –2016 and the Quantile via Moments methodology approach are used. The estimated model indicates that the public and public–private partnership capital stock have a positive effect on the installed capacity of renewable energy, while the private capital stock does not cause any effect on the dependent variable. The positive effect of public and public–private partnership capital stock on the installed capacity of renewable energy is due to the high investment and maintenance costs, complex construction issues and economic returns that are not always high in the renewable energy projects. Indeed, during the initial process of development of these projects, the initial access to capital can be very difficult, and the investment of this kind of energy is often supported by public and public–private partnership capital which are most cheaper if compared with support of private capital only. Moreover, the non-impact of private capital stock is related to the high investment and maintenance costs of renewable energy projects as well the low private capital supply that consequently increases the financing costs that discourages the private participation on investment in renewable energy technologies."
One of the biggest problems associated with vehicles that use internal combustion engines is that they cause elevated levels of pollution in the places they travel through, especially if they cause congestion. However, it is not only the level, but also probably the concentration of gases emitted by internal combustion engines in the places where they move around that is particularly lethal. Can the road transport sector’s electrification mitigate premature deaths from outdoor air pollution? Our main hypothesis is that replacing internal combustion engine vehicles with electrical ones contributes to mitigating people’s exposure to high concentrations of air pollution. To answer the research question, a panel of 29 European countries, from 2010 to 2020, using the method of moments quantile regression and ordinary least squares, was examined. Results support the concept that economic growth, renewable energy consumption, and electric vehicles in all quantiles have a negative impact on premature mortality due to air pollution. These impacts are higher on premature mortality in lower quantiles, but gradually decrease with increasing quantile levels. The results also reveal that methane emissions, in all quantiles except 10th, have a negative effect on premature mortality. Nitrous oxide emissions positively impact premature mortality in all quantiles except the 10th, and this impact increases at high quantiles. Fine particulate matter positively impacts premature mortality in all quantiles, with the same at all levels. The ordinary least squares, used as a robustness check, confirm that economic growth, renewable energy consumption, and methane emissions have reduced impacts on premature mortality due to outdoor air pollution. However, nitrous oxide emissions and fine particulate matter increase premature mortality. These results reinforce the importance of policymakers implementing policies for road electrification.
This article analyses the impact of hydroelectricity consumption on environmental degradation (CO2 emissions) in seven South American countries, in a period from 1966 to 2015. The Unrestricted Error Correction Model (UECM) form of the Auto-regressive Distributive Lag (ARDL) was utilized. The initial tests prove the presence of heteroskedasticity, cross sectional independence, and first-order autocorrelation. The results show that the consumption of hydroelectricity causes a reduction of -0.0465 in environmental degradation in the short run, and increase 0.0593 in the long-run. This empirical evidence could encourage the creation of new policies, which introduce new energy technologies that release zero carbon in the energy matrix.
The main objective of this research is to assess the impact of energy certificate ratings (EPCs) on the value per m2 of Portuguese housing sales. Data from 289 Portuguese municipalities between 2014 and 2019, analysed with a fixed effects panel and method of moments quantile regression, were used. EPCs with high energy efficiency ratings (e.g., A+, A, B, and B-) are used as a proxy for dwellings with “green” or “environmentally friendly” certificates. On the other hand, ratings with a low energy efficiency (e.g., C, D, E, and F) are used as a proxy for dwellings with “non-green” or “not environmentally friendly” certificates. The results support that EPCs associated with green housing increase the value per m2 of housing sales, and those associated with non-green housing decrease the sales value. It was also found that municipal GDP, tax/financial incentive policies for energy efficiency, and the number of completed dwellings in new constructions for family housing will increase sales value. On the other hand, credit agreements and completed reconstructions reduce sales value. Lastly, the results and outgrowths of this study will support the policymakers and governments in developing consistent policies and initiatives that promote the “green” or “eco-friendly” dwellings in Portugal or in similar economies.
This research addresses a critical gap in the literature by establishing a direct correlation between particle pollution from fine particulates (PM2.5) and women’s political participation. It offers a nuanced understanding of gender dynamics in governance and their impact on environmental outcomes. Focusing on 27 European Union (EU) countries from 2013 to 2021, econometric techniques unveil common trends, underscoring cross-sectional dependence. This study reveals distinct gender behaviors in combating pollution, with women in parliaments and regional assemblies notably contributing to pollutant reduction. However, the negative impact of women’s engagement in politics on PM2.5 intensifies the lower part of the representation hierarchy. Policymakers are urged to create conditions fostering women’s political participation, advocating for gender quotas to address underrepresentation. The research emphasizes the interconnectedness of gender, politics, and environmental issues, urging heightened awareness among policymakers. Limitations include a confined scope and duration, requiring cross-validation beyond the EU. Future research pathways involve exploring the intricate connections between gender, politics, and environmental initiatives, seeking thresholds for impactful women’s representation. In contributing to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), this study aligns with SDG 5 (gender equality), SDG 3 (good health and well-being), SDG 7 (affordable and clean energy), SDG 11 (sustainable cities and communities), SDG 16 (peace, justice, and strong institutions), and SDG 17 (partnerships for the goals).
This article investigates the relationship between globalization and primary energy consumption in twelve Latin America and Caribbean countries from 1991 to 2012 using the auto-regressive distributive lag (ARDL) methodology. The elasticities results showed that increase of 1% on index globalization exerts a positive impact of 0.4449 % above the primary energy consumption. The variables gross domestic product (GDP) and dioxide carbon emissions (CO2) exert a positive impact in short and long-run, as well as the variable capital account openness has a negative effect in long-run.
This research analysed the effect of gender inequality on the economic growth of seventeen countries in the Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) region from 1990 to 2016 using an ordinary least squares (OLS) regression model with fixed effects and a quantiles via moments model. Electricity consumption from new renewable energy sources, general government capital stock, private capital stock, trade openness, and urban population were used as control variables, and a battery of preliminary and post-estimation tests were conducted to guarantee the adequacy and suitability of both methodologies. The OLS model with fixed effects supports that gender inequality negatively affects gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. The quantiles via moments (QvM) model confirms the results of the OLS model with fixed effects and reveals that with increasing quantiles (25th, 50th, and 75th), gender inequality leads to decreases in LAC countries’ growth. LAC countries’ policymakers and institutions should improve gender equality to reach a higher development level and a more prosperous society. Developing policies that contribute to increasing women’s participation in the labour market, reducing the gender pay gap, supporting women’s education and training, constructing a more women-friendly and less patriarchal society, and developing measures to limit violence against women and early pregnancy and maternal mortality rates and increase women’s decision-making positions, particularly in public policy decision making, must be implemented.
Abstract The main objective of this study is to identify the impact of the energy paradigm transition on the environmental degradation of eighteen Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) countries. To this end, a panel non-linear autoregressive distributed lag (PNARDL) in the form of an unrestricted error correction model (UECM) and a period from 1990 to 2019 were used. The empirical results indicated that the variable economic growth in both the short- and long-run have an increase of 0.6994 and 0.3192, respectively, and the variable public capital stock in the short-run has an increase of 0.0176 in CO 2 emissions. However, the positive and negative asymmetry of the variable ratio of renewable energy in the short-and long-run has a decrease of −0.1320 (on positive variations) and −0.1131 (on negative variations) in the short run and −0.0364 (on positive variations) and −0.0783 (on negative variations) in the long run on CO 2 emissions. The capacity of the ratio of renewable/fossil energy consumption to reduce environmental degradation is compatible with the renewable energy technological efficiency that produces more clean energy and fewer emissions. That was also in line with the increasing participation of renewable energy sources in the energy matrix in the LAC countries.
The macroeconomic effect of the obesity epidemic on environmental degradation was examined for panel data from thirty-one European countries from 1991 to 2016. The quantile via moments model (QVM) was used to realize our empirical investigation. The empirical results indicate that the obesity epidemic, electricity consumption, and urbanisation encourage environmental degradation by increasing CO2 emissions, while economic growth decreases them. Moreover, we identify that the obesity epidemic raises the environmental degradation problem in three ways. First, the obesity epidemic is caused by the increased consumption of processed foods from multinational food corporations. The increase in food production will positively impact energy consumption from non-renewable energy sources. Second, obesity reduces physical and outdoor activities, increasing the intensive use of home appliances and motorized transportation and screen-viewing leisure activities, consequently increasing energy consumption from non-renewable energy sources. A third possible way can be related indirectly to economic growth, globalization, and urbanisation. This empirical investigation will contribute to the literature and for policymakers and governments. Therefore, this investigation will encourage the development of initiatives to mitigate the obesity problem in European countries and accelerate the energy transition process. Finally, this investigation will open a new topic in the literature regarding the correlation between the obesity epidemic and environmental degradation.
This article investigates the impact of fiscal and financial incentives for energy efficiency labels on eco-friendly houses (houses with high energy efficiency certificates, such as A+, A, B, and B−) in 18 municipalities in the Lisbon metropolitan region during the period 2014–2020. The empirical results indicate that the variables of fiscal incentive policies for energy efficiency labels, income per capita, credit agreements for the purchase or construction of a house, and the number of completed dwellings in new constructions for family housing encourage eco-friendly houses. In contrast, the variable number of completed reconstructions per 100 completed new constructions has a negative impact. Although this study is constrained by data limitations resulting from the short period under analysis and the moderate number of municipalities available, it advances the discussions around energy efficiency in residential properties in Portugal. Furthermore, it investigates the effectiveness of tax incentive policies for energy efficiency seals as an instrument for promoting ecological houses in the municipalities of the Lisbon metropolitan area. Thus, the need to study the Portuguese capital stands out as it is the most populous city in the country and concentrates a large part of the economic activity.
This article explored the impact of eco-friendly houses on economic development in the Lisbon metropolitan area. The study analyzed data from 18 municipalities between 2014 and 2020 using regression analysis with ordinary least squares (OLS) and fixed effects. The results indicate that national policies promoting residential energy efficiency positively impact economic development. Policies like subsidies, loans, and tax relief encourage homeowners to invest in energy-efficient technologies, boosting household disposable income and contributing to economic growth. The study found that an increase in the number of new constructions positively impacts economic development, leading to job creation and increased demand for construction materials and services. Additionally, growing eco-friendly houses can reduce energy consumption, lowering energy costs for homeowners and businesses and ultimately stimulating economic growth. In contrast, increasing the number of non-eco-friendly houses can have negative economic impacts. A robustness check using the method of moments quantile regression (MM-QR) confirmed the results from OLS with fixed effects, providing additional evidence supporting the robustness of the results.
Abstract Aim This study investigates the impact of gender inequality on cancer mortality among European women across 27 countries from 2013 to 2020. Subject and methods The study explores the link between gender inequality and cancer mortality, employing pooled ordinary least squares regression. It evaluates socioeconomic gaps, healthcare access disparities, risky behaviours, and elements like screening, education, and life expectancy. The study also investigates how healthcare spending, employment, self-perceived health, and leisure activities influence mortality. Results The study shows that breast and cervical cancer screenings (BCS) significantly reduce cancer-related deaths among European women (CDW), with a negative impact of −0.0875. Similarly, tertiary education and participation in education and training (WEP) show a negative impact of −0.0021. Absolute life expectancy for women at birth (LEW) demonstrates a negative impact of −5.2603, all contributing to decreased cancer-related deaths. Conversely, certain variables have a contradictory positive impact on CDW. Total healthcare expenditure (HCE) has a positive impact of +0.0311, and full-time equivalent employment (FER) of +0.3212. Women engaging in activities (WLW) has a positive impact of +0.6572. Self-perception of good health (WHG), refraining from smoking or harmful drinking (NSN) (+0.2649), and an active lifestyle with consumption of fruits and vegetables (PAF) (+0.2649) also impact positively, collectively contributing to increased cancer mortality among women. Conclusion The study highlights the importance of combating gender inequality to decrease cancer deaths in European women. Strategies include closing healthcare gaps and enhancing health education. Complex links between smoking, alcohol, and cancer mortality require further research. Interventions targeting disparities, healthcare access, and risky behaviours can notably lower cancer mortality.
This article investigates the relationship between globalization and primary energy consumption in twelve Latin America and Caribbean countries from 1991 to 2012 using the auto-regressive distributive lag (ARDL) methodology. The elasticities results showed that increase of 1% on index globalization exerts a positive impact of 0.4449 % above the primary energy consumption. The variables gross domestic product (GDP) and dioxide carbon emissions (CO 2 ) exert a positive impact in short and long-run, as well as the variable capital account openness has a negative effect in long-run.
The impact of renewable energy consumption on the carbon dioxide emissions was analyzed for a panel of ten South American countries in a period from 1980 to 2012. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag Methodology was used in order to decompose the total effect of renewable energy consumption on the carbon dioxide emissions in its short- and long-run components. The results indicate that the consumption of renewable energy reduce the carbon dioxide emissions in -0.0420 % when the consumption of alternative sources increases in 1% in short-run. The empirical evidence shows that the renewable consumption plays an important role in reducing CO2 emissions and that the economic growth and energy consumption in the South American countries are still based on fossil fuels. Keywords: Environmental, Energy economics, Econometric.
The nexus between energy consumption, economic growth and urbanization was analyzed for a panel of twenty-one Latin American and Caribbean countries over a period from 1980-2014. The Panel Data Vector Autoregressive (PVAR) was used in order to analyze the relationship among all variables. The results indicated that there is a unidirectional relationship between urbanization and energy consumption, and a bidirectional nexus among economic growth and energy consumption in Latin America and Caribbean region.
The impact of urbanization on energy consumption was investigated in eight Latin American countries from 1970 to 2015. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) in the form of Unrestricted Error Correction Model (UECM) to decompose the total effect of variables into it is short- and long-run components, and the Non-Linear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (NARDL) to examine the asymmetric responses of variables were applied. The results of preliminary tests indicated the existence of low multicollinearity, and existence of cross-section dependence. The results showed that in the ARDL model the economic growth in the short-and long-run increase the energy consumption, and the variable urbanization in the short-and long-run have a positive impact on energy used. Furthermore, the outcomes of NARDL model showed that in the short-and long-run asymmetric responses the economic growth (positive/negative asymmetric) have a positive impact on energy. The variable urbanization in the short-and long-run have a positive on energy consumption. Moreover, the specification tests showed the presence of cross-section dependence, the first-order autocorrelation, the heteroscedasticity in the residuals, and the first-order correlation in the disturbance, and serial correlation in the disturbance. Finally, this study points to the necessity to creates conservation policies oriented to reduces the energy consumption, with the introduction of new technologies that reduces the energy consumption in the industries and households, change the current energy matrix to a more sustainable.
This study investigates the nexus between consumption of biofuels and economic growth in Brazil during the period of 1990 to 2015. The vector autoregressive (VAR) was applied. The preliminary tests proved the presence of multicollinearity and the existence of unit root in the variables. The results of VAR model indicated the existence of a bidirectional relationship between consumption of biofuels and economic growth, consumption of oil and economic growth, and consumption of biofuels and oil. These results are an opportunity to the policies makers change the energy matrix with the introduction of more renewable energy sources in order to reduce the environmental degradation.
The per capita primary energy consumption-economic growth nexus is examined in a panel of oil-producing countries over a long period (1970-2015), controlling for the exports of goods and services, the ratio of oil production to oil consumption, the oil rents, and international crude oil prices. It is confirmed that these countries share common spatial patterns, unobserved common factors, or both. A dynamic Driscoll-Kraay estimator, with fixed effects, is used to cope with the heteroskedasticity, contemporaneous correlation, first-order autocorrelation, and cross-sectional dependence. Results prove that energy consumption drives economic growth, but only on the short-run. The ratio of oil production to oil consumption has exerted a positive impact on growth in both the short- and long-run. Oil prices only exert a positive effect on growth in the short-run. Oil rents depress growth, suggesting that oil is more a curse than a blessing for the economies.
This paper examined the relationship between economic growth, inflation, stock market development, and banking sector development for a panel of sixteen high-income countries for the period from 2001 to 2016, by using the mechanism impulse response functions and Granger causality tests derived from a panel vector autoregressive model. The evidence of bidirectional causality between all variables in the model was found. Overall, feedback and supply-leading theories have been confirmed in the literature. A plus sign in the relationship between the development of the banking sector and the stock market with economic growth was found. Therefore, stock market development and banking sector development stimulate the economy.
The effects that the Latin America and Caribbean capital stock (public and private) had on the income inequality levels of 18 countries from this region were analyzed, over a period ranging from 1995 to 2017, recurring to an autoregressive distributed lag model in the form of an unrestricted error correction model. The results from the three models that were estimated (with the total capital stock, the public capital stock, and the private capital stock) pointed for the existence of an enhancing effect from the capital stock (public and private) on the income inequality of these countries in the short-run, suggesting that the investments were made in the already richer/wealthiest areas. In the long-run, the effects of capital stock on income inequality seem to vanish, probably due to the efforts to correct the previous detrimental effect. However, the lack of a statistically significant impact shows that, although the efforts, capital stock (public and private) still does not contribute to the income inequality reduction, meaning that these countries should improve/change the management and the selection criteria of their physical capital investments to be able to reduce their income gap.
This article presents causal recipes leading to high and low energy consumption efficiency performances using fuzzy set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA). The study found that several causal conditions are sufficient for high energy efficiency performance, including several fiscal and financial incentive policies, a highly educated population, many completed dwellings, and low GDP. The study also found that high inequality in completed dwellings and completed reconstructions, coupled with a low GDP and a low number of policies, lead to high energy consumption efficiency performance. In addition, the analysis showed slight differences between the yearly consistencies, suggesting that time effects are not a concern. On the other hand, a low education level, Gini coefficient, few completed dwellings and reconstructions, coupled with a low number of fiscal and financial policies, are the causal conditions leading to low energy consumption efficiency performance. The study’s results suggest that policymakers and stakeholders should consider a combination of several causal conditions when implementing energy efficiency policies. The study also highlights the need for policies focusing on education, fiscal and financial incentives, completed dwellings, and reconstructions to achieve high energy efficiency performance.
Este artigo investiga o nexo entre o consumo de energia primária e o crescimento económico em sete países da América do Sul no período de 1966-2015, utilizando como metodologia um modelo auto-regressivo com desfasamento distribuídos (ARDL). Os resultados das elasticidades evidenciaram que existe uma relação de feedback entre o consumo de energia primária e o crescimento económico ou vice-versa, bem como, os países estudados possuem uma grande dependência dos combustíveis fósseis.
This study takes a unique and comprehensive approach to assess the inequality of gender's effect on mortalities' cancer in twenty-seven European Union (EU) countries in 2013-2021. It utilizes Pooled Ordinary Least Squares and Quantile Regression models to explore gender-specific variations in cancer mortality, identifying key factors and establishing connections between gender inequality indicators and mortality rates. The findings are not only significant but also intriguing, revealing the substantial influence of indicators like women's average years of schooling, contributing to a 55.0277 increase in women's cancer mortality. Conversely, Gross National Income per capita among women correlates with a -0.0003 reduction in women's cancer mortality. Lifestyle factors such as engagement in daily cooking/housework, avoidance of smoking/harmful drinking, and participation in physical activities/consumption of fruits and vegetables are associated with mortality reductions. In contrast, unmet medical examination needs, positive health perceptions, education/training, ministerial positions, assembly memberships, and leisure activities are linked to increased women's cancer mortality. The urgency of addressing healthcare gender gaps is underscored by these findings, guiding interventions, policies, and gender equity support in alignment with UN SDGs. This study uniquely focuses on the EU context, employing an interdisciplinary approach to explore mechanisms linking gender inequality and cancer mortality.
The objective of this article is analyze the nexus between hydroelectricity consumption and economic growth in seven Latin America countries in the period from 1966 to 2015, using an auto-regressive distributive lag (ARDL) with methodology. The results suggest the existence of feedback hypothesis in short-run, where the hydroelectricity consumption and economic growth are interrelated.
The impact of renewable energy consumption on the carbon dioxide emissions was analyzed for a panel of ten South American countries in a period from 1980 to 2012. The Autoregressive r to decompose the total effect of renewable energy consumption on the carbon dioxide emissions in its short- and long-run components. The results indicate that the consumption of renewable energy reduce the carbon dioxide emissions in -0.0420 % when the consumption of alternative sources increases in 1% in short-run. Keywords: Renewable energy, environmental, energy economics, econometric.
This study investigates the nexus between consumption of biofuels and economic growth in Brazil during the period of 1990 to 2015. The vector autoregressive (VAR) was applied. The preliminary tests proved the presence of multicollinearity and the existence of unit root in the variables. The results of VAR model indicated the existence of a bidirectional relationship between consumption of biofuels and economic growth, consumption of oil and economic growth, and consumption of biofuels and oil. These results are an opportunity to the policies makers change the energy matrix with the introduction of more renewable energy sources in order to reduce the environmental degradation.
This article investigates the impact of trade openness on the consumption of fossil fuels for a panel of fourteen LAC countries over the period from 1990 to 2014. To this end, a PARDL model in unrestricted error-correction form is estimated. The results of the model regression point indicate that the impact of economic growth and elasticity of trade openness are statistically significant at the 1% level and contribute to increased consumption of fossil fuels in the LAC countries. However, the impact and elasticity of consumption of renewable energy are statistically significant at 1% and 5% levels and thus contribute to decreasing consumption of fossil fuels.
Este artigo estuda o impacto da geração de energia eólica sobre o mercado de trabalho. O modelo Panel Data Vector Autoregressive (PVAR) foi utlizado para analisar um painel de noves países da União Europeia no período de 1992-2014. Os testes preliminares indicaram, a existência de cross-section dependence em todas a variáveis em logaritmos e primeiras diferenças, a estacionaridade das variáveis DLF e DLO, bem como a presença de efeitos fixos no modelo PVAR . Os resultados do modelo PVAR indicaram, que a produção de energia eólica tem um impacto positivo de 0.0002 sobre o mercado de trabalho.
The impact of wind power consumption on the labor market was analyzed for a panel of ten European Union countries in a period from 1990 to 2015. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag Methodology was used in order to decompose the total effect of wind power consumption on the labor market in its short- and long-run components. The empirical results indicate that wind power consumption has a positive impact of 0.0191 on the labor market, and oil consumption does not cause any impact whatsoever.
This study provides a comprehensive analysis of factors associated with cancer mortality among women in twenty-seven European Union (EU) countries from 2013 to 2021. Using Pooled Ordinary Least Squares and Quantile Regression models, we examine the impact of socioeconomic, health, and lifestyle factors on gender disparities in cancer mortality. Key findings reveal that higher average years of schooling among women are associated with an increase in cancer mortality, while higher Gross National Income per capita is linked to reduced mortality rates. Lifestyle variables, such as regular physical activity and dietary habits, are associated with lower cancer mortality, whereas unmet healthcare needs and certain socio-political factors correlate with increased mortality. The results underscore the importance of addressing healthcare access and gender equity to inform policy interventions aligned with UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) aimed at reducing cancer mortality among women in the EU.
Abstract In this empirical investigation, the influence of tourism on housing prices was studied for 13 European Union countries from 2005 to 2019 using cs-ARDL and Quantile cs-ARDL econometric approaches. The findings reveal a positive effect running from the tourism sector (represented by tourism revenues and the number of arrivals) to housing price indices, indicating that this industry significantly impacts real estate markets. Moreover, the results show that economic growth, bank credit, and population growth drive house prices. These outcomes have significant implications for policymakers, highlighting the dual nature of tourism’s impact and the need for a careful balance between promoting tourism as an economic strategy and ensuring housing affordability for residents.
This article analyzes the impact of renewable energy policies on carbon dioxide emissions (CO2) in nine Latin American countries, in a period of 1991 to 2012. The Panel Vector Auto-Regressive (PVAR) was utilized. The results revealed that the renewable energy policies reduce the environmental degradation (CO2 emissions) in -0.0109, and the consumption of renewable energy -0.0231, while the economic growth and consumption oil increase the emissions in 0.9082 and 0.1437 respectively. These empirical findings will help the policymakers develop appropriate renewable energy policies, as well as help to advance the literature that approaches the impact of renewable energy policies on environmental degradation in the Latin America region.
This article inaugurates the study of the energy-economic growth nexus with a new approach with the introduction of globalisation index, in ten Latin American and the Caribbean countries from 1971-2014. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) and the Granger causality Wald test were used as a methodology. The empirical results pointed to the existence of a bidirectional relationship between economic growth and consumption of renewable energy, a unidirectional relationship from consumption of fossil to economic growth, and a bidirectional relationship between globalisation and consumption of renewable energy. That these results help the local governments develop new policies with the purpose of increases the consumption of renewable energy and reduces environmental degradation while promoting development.
This article investigates the impact of trade openness and renewable energy on the consumption of fossil fuels for a panel of fourteen LAC countries over the period from 1990 to 2014. To this end, a PARDL model in unrestricted error-correction form is estimated, and robustness checks are performed by estimating a PNARDL model. The results of the PARDL model point indicate that the impact of economic growth and elasticity of trade openness are statistically significant at the 1% level and contribute to increased consumption of fossil fuels in the LAC countries. However, the impact and elasticity of consumption of renewable energy are statistically significant at 1% and 5% levels and thus contribute to decreasing consumption of fossil fuels. Nevertheless, the asymmetry of the impact of consumption of renewable energy and its elasticity decrease the consumption of fossil fuels. Therefore, the positive impact of trade openness on the consumption of fossil fuels suggests that the process of globalisation by trade liberalisation in the LAC countries is not sufficient to bring more investment that encourages R&D in energy efficiency technologies, and equipment that reduces the consumption of energy from non-renewable energy sources by households and firms.
The impact of fiscal incentive policies on the installed capacity of renewable energy was examined in thirteen Latin American countries, over the period of 1980 to 2014. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) methodology was used to decompose the total effect of fiscal incentive policies on installed capacity in its short- and long-run components. The results showed that the fiscal incentive policies in short-run do not cause any impact on the installed capacity of renewable energy, due to the possible inefficiency of these policies, while in long-run, the fiscal incentives stimulate the investments in renewable energy in 0.8977 %. The economic growth of Latin American countries and economic growth of China in the short-run have a positive impact of 3.1564 %, and 5.2724 % respectably, while in long-run exerts a positive influence of 2.4934 % and 1.0498 %. The results of this article point to the necessity to create more fiscal incentive policies in order to promote the investments in renewable energy sources, to foster the economy of countries or specific regions, as well as generate income, and also increases the consumption of alternative sources.
The interactions between renewable energy, economic growth, agricultural sector, and urbanization were analyzed for the Mercosur trade-bloc countries over the period from 1980 to 2014. The analysis was performed recurring to panel vector autoregression to capture the rich connections (endogeneity) between the variables over a long period. The results support the existence of endogeneity between variables as well as the presence of a bi-directional causality, between consumption of renewable energy, urbanization, agriculture production, and economic growth, and unidirectional causality from urbanization to agriculture production.
The impact of globalisation on carbon dioxide emissions was analysed in a panel data of thirteen LAC countries for the period from 1991 to 2012. A panel autoregressive distributed lag methodology was used to decompose the total effects of globalisation on carbon dioxide emissions both in short- and long-run components. There is evidence that globalisation contributes to reducing carbon dioxide emissions in the long-run. A possible explanation of this result is that the process of globalisation causes technological enhancement in LAC countries, which contributes to a decrease in environmental degradation. Globalisation has other implications, such as the transfer of responsibility from the state to the private sector, where this transfer corresponds to the shifting of regulatory attributes to independent governmental regulatory authorities, in other words, “regulation for competition”.
The impact of globalisation on carbon dioxide emissions was analysed in a panel data of thirteen LAC countries for the period from 1991 to 2012. A panel autoregressive distributed lag methodology was used to decompose the total effects of globalisation on carbon dioxide emissions both in short- and long-run components. There is evidence that globalisation contributes to reducing carbon dioxide emissions in the long-run. A possible explanation of this result is that the process of globalisation causes technological enhancement in LAC countries, which contributes to a decrease in environmental degradation. Globalisation has other implications, such as the transfer of responsibility from the state to the private sector, where this transfer corresponds to the shifting of regulatory attributes to independent governmental regulatory authorities, in other words, “regulation for competition”.
The impact of overweight on the consumption of energy and the impact of energy consumption on overweight was analysed for Latin America and Caribbean Countries for the period from 1975 to 2016. The Quantile via Moments econometric technique was used to assesses the role of energy consumption on mean body mass index of man and woman, controlling for the effects of global, economic and social globalisation, as well as Gross Domestic Product (GDP), urbanisation and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Results point out by one hand, that as we go up in the quantiles the contribution to excess weight decreases for the variables economic globalisation, urbanisation, and energy consumption, and increases for social globalisation and CO2 emissions. On the other hand, the rise of GDP contributes to the downward overweight of women, but as we go up in the quantiles, the contribution fades away. The effect of GDP is statistically insignificant as a driver of man overweight. An additional model estimation to apprise if overweight impacts energy consumption, confirms that as overweight raises the energy consumption rises too. As we go up in the quantiles, it increases the intensity of the impact. Economic policymakers should limit the adverse effects of globalisation counteracting unhealthy food consumption habits imported from abroad. Particular attention should be put in given people access to green areas in poor urban areas. Curbing energy consumption and CO2 emissions contribute to decreasing the epidemic of overweight. Fortunately, economic growth helps to solve the problem of overweight.
Este artigo investiga o nexo entre o consumo de energia primaria e o crescimento economico em sete paises da America do Sul no periodo de 1966-2015, utilizando como metodologia um modelo auto-regressivo com desfasamento distribuidos (ARDL). Os resultados das elasticidades evidenciaram que existe uma relacao de feedback entre o consumo de energia primaria e o crescimento economico ou vice-versa, bem como, os paises estudados possuem uma grande dependencia dos combustiveis fosseis.
<title>Abstract</title> This investigation analysed the effect of renewable energy incentive policies on deaths caused by outdoor and indoor air pollution in fifteen countries from Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region over the period from 1990 to 2017. The results from the Panel quantile model regression showed that in the 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75 quantiles, the variables carbon dioxide emissions, electricity consumption from new renewable energy sources economic instruments-fiscal/financial incentives policies to enable clean energy deployment, economic growth, and social globalisation reduces the air pollution deaths, while the variables electricity consumption from non-renewable energy sources, urbanisation, and economic globalisation encourages the increase of these deaths caused by outdoor and indoor air pollution in the LAC region.
Any novel or innovative aspectsDistinct contribution of this study compared to previous work.Reviewer comment (R. C.): The literature review requires improvement.The
The world is currently facing a critical environmental crisis, and the shift toward renewable energy sources has become increasingly urgent [...]
This study takes a unique and comprehensive approach to assess the inequality of gender's effect on mortalities' cancer in twenty-seven European Union (EU) countries in 2013-2021. It utilizes Pooled Ordinary Least Squares and Quantile Regression models to explore gender-specific variations in cancer mortality, identifying key factors and establishing connections between gender inequality indicators and mortality rates. The findings are not only significant but also intriguing, revealing the substantial influence of indicators like women's average years of schooling, contributing to a 55.0277 increase in women's cancer mortality. Conversely, Gross National Income per capita among women correlates with a -0.0003 reduction in women's cancer mortality. Lifestyle factors such as engagement in daily cooking/housework, avoidance of smoking/harmful drinking, and participation in physical activities/consumption of fruits and vegetables are associated with mortality reductions. In contrast, unmet medical examination needs, positive health perceptions, education/training, ministerial positions, assembly memberships, and leisure activities are linked to increased women's cancer mortality. The urgency of addressing healthcare gender gaps is underscored by these findings, guiding interventions, policies, and gender equity support in alignment with UN SDGs. This study uniquely focuses on the EU context, employing an interdisciplinary approach to explore mechanisms linking gender inequality and cancer mortality.
This study provides a comprehensive analysis of factors associated with cancer mortality among women in twenty-seven European Union (EU) countries from 2013 to 2021. Using Pooled Ordinary Least Squares and Quantile Regression models, we examine the impact of socioeconomic, health, and lifestyle factors on gender disparities in cancer mortality. Key findings reveal that higher average years of schooling among women is associated with an increase in cancer mortality, while higher Gross National Income per capita is linked to reduced mortality rates. Lifestyle variables, such as regular physical activity and dietary habits, are associated with lower cancer mortality, whereas unmet healthcare needs and certain socio-political factors correlate with increased mortality. The results underscore the importance of addressing healthcare access and gender equity to inform policy interventions aligned with UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) aimed at reducing cancer mortality among women in the EU.
This study investigates the impact of access to clean cooking fuels on cancer mortality among women in the European Union from 2013 to 2021. Through statistical models, it identifies key variables that are both positively and negatively associated with cancer mortality, providing new insights into the socio-environmental determinants of health. The findings underscore the potential of clean energy initiatives to reduce cancer mortality and improve public health, while also revealing an unexpected association between education levels and cancer outcomes. The study highlights the critical role of air quality, particularly the need to address PM2.5 exposure, and calls for comprehensive pollution reduction policies. Key policy recommendations include prioritizing clean energy solutions, implementing targeted healthcare and educational interventions, and enhancing air quality standards. Furthermore, gender-responsive healthcare policies should be a focus to ensure equitable access to cancer prevention and care. Public health campaigns should also emphasize the promotion of healthier behaviors and address stereotypes that may hinder women’s health. While the study provides valuable insights, it acknowledges certain limitations, including issues with data quality, the study’s time frame, and the challenges of generalizing findings across diverse EU contexts. Future research should include longitudinal studies, causal analyses, and comparative studies to further elucidate the complex relationships between socio-environmental factors and cancer mortality. Research on socioeconomic determinants and their role in shaping cancer outcomes will be particularly important, as will efforts to ensure the consistency and quality of health data across the EU. Aligned with several United Nations Sustainable Development Goals—such as Good Health and Well-Being, Affordable and Clean Energy, Gender Equality, Reduced Inequalities, Sustainable Cities and Communities, and Climate Action—this study offers important evidence to inform public health policy. The findings support the implementation of evidence-based strategies to reduce cancer mortality and health disparities among women in the EU.
This study investigates the impact of access to clean cooking fuels on cancer mortality among women in the European Union from 2013 to 2021. Using Pooled Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and Quantile Regression (QREG) statistical models, it identifies key variables such as access to clean fuels, education levels, and air quality that were positively and negatively associated with cancer mortality. The findings provide new insights into the socio-environmental determinants of health, highlighting the potential of clean energy initiatives to reduce cancer mortality and improve public health. Additionally, the study reveals an unexpected association between education levels and cancer outcomes. The research underscores the critical role of air quality, particularly the need to address PM2.5 exposure, and calls for comprehensive pollution reduction policies. Key policy recommendations include prioritising clean energy solutions, implementing targeted healthcare and educational interventions, and enhancing air quality standards. Furthermore, gender-responsive healthcare policies should focus on ensuring equitable access to cancer prevention and care. Public health campaigns should emphasise healthier behaviours and address stereotypes that may hinder women’s health. While the study provides valuable insights, it acknowledges certain limitations, including issues with data quality, the study’s time frame, and the challenges of generalising findings across diverse EU contexts. Future research should include longitudinal studies, causal analyses, and comparative studies to elucidate further the complex relationships between socio-environmental factors and cancer mortality. Research on socioeconomic determinants and their role in shaping cancer outcomes will be particularly important, as will efforts to ensure the consistency and quality of health data across the EU.
This study investigates the impact of access to clean cooking fuels on cancer mortality among women in the European Union from 2013 to 2021. The focus on the EU is justified by the region's relatively high living standards and well-developed infrastructure, which provide a unique context for examining the residual health impacts of incomplete transitions to clean cooking fuels. Through statistical models, it identifies key variables that are both positively and negatively associated with cancer mortality, providing new insights into the socio-environmental determinants of health. The findings underscore the potential of clean energy initiatives to reduce cancer mortality and improve public health, while also revealing an unexpected association between education levels and cancer outcomes. The study highlights the critical role of air quality, particularly the need to address PM2.5 exposure, and calls for comprehensive pollution reduction policies. Key policy recommendations include prioritizing clean energy solutions, implementing targeted healthcare and educational interventions, and enhancing air quality standards. Furthermore, gender-responsive healthcare policies should be a focus to ensure equitable access to cancer prevention and care. Public health campaigns should also emphasize the promotion of healthier behaviors and address stereotypes that may hinder women’s health. While the study provides valuable insights, it acknowledges certain limitations, including issues with data quality, the study’s time frame, and the challenges of generalizing findings across diverse EU contexts. Future research should include longitudinal studies, causal analyses, and comparative studies to further elucidate the complex relationships between socio-environmental factors and cancer mortality. Research on socioeconomic determinants and their role in shaping cancer outcomes will be particularly important, as will efforts to ensure the consistency and quality of health data across the EU.
