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Context Rice-based cropping system is a key for food security in the Indian subcontinent. However, the productivity of such systems has declined continuously due to deterioration in soil quality. The present study was carried out to identify key soil quality indicators and to develop indices of soil quality under long-term rice-based cropping systems in the hot sub-humid eco-region (HSE) of India. Methods Surface soil samples were collected from farmers’ field from two soil orders (Vertisols and Inceptisols) and with four long-term rice-based cropping systems: (1) rice-wheat (RW); (2) rice-chickpea (RC); (3) rice-lathyrus (RL); and (4) rice-fallow (RF). A minimum data set (MDS) of 24 soils attributes were screened to identify soil quality indicators using principal components analysis (PCA), and soil quality index (SQI) was determined. Key results The MDS indicators (in descending order of sensitivity) are field capacity (FC) (35.4%) followed by pH (30.5%) > porosity (13.6%) > potentially mineralisable carbon (PMC) (11.8%) > available boron (AB) (8.7%). Soil moisture content under FC was found as the most sensitive indicator affecting soil quality and rice equivalent yields (REY). The SQI of Vertisols (0.83) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than Inceptisols (0.73). SQI under RC (0.86) cropping systems was significantly higher than RL (0.81), RW (0.76) and RF (0.78) (P < 0.05). Conclusions The inclusion of legumes (chickpea and lathyrus) into cropping systems sustained better soil quality and productivity. Implications SQI is not only useful for assessing soil health but also provides indicators of best-bet management practices for sustaining intensive cultivation.
Inclusion of a legume crop in a cropping system can improve soil physical and chemical properties, particularly in predominantly rice cultivating areas. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was performed between different soils and cropping systems to evaluate soil physical and chemical properties in Balod District of Chhattisgarh state of India. Among the soils, inVertisols, bulk density (BD) (p = .024), hydraulic conductivity (HC) (p < .005), available Fe (p < .005), available Mn (p < .005), available Zn (p < .005) and available B (p < .005) were found to be significantly lower than that of Inceptisols. However, significantly higher for porosity (p = .040), field capacity (FC) (p < .005), wilting point (WP) (p < .005), water holding capacity (WHC) (p < .005), mean weight diameter (MWD) (p < .005), soil pH (p < .005), electrical conductivity (EC) (p < .005), organic carbon (OC) (p < .005), available N (p < .005), available P (p < .005), available K (p < .005) and available S (p < .005). Tukey's post-hoc test for multiple comparisons indicated that BD was found significantly higher for soils under rice-wheat (RW) cropping system, than that of soils under rice-chickpea (RC) (p < .005), rice-lathyrus (RL) (p < .005), and rice-fallow (RF) (p = .032). However, other soil properties i.e. porosity, FC, WP, WHC, HC, MWD, soil pH, OC, available N, available P, available K, available S, and available Zn were found significantly higher for soils under rice-legume cropping system (RC and RL), than that of soils under RW and RL. Thus, from the study, it is concluded that inclusion of legumes into cropping systems maintained better soil physical and chemical properties and helpful to work out the best management practices for sustaining intensive cultivation.
Fields with rice-based cropping systems are unique from other wetland or upland soils because they are associated with frequent cycling between wetting and drying under anaerobic and aerobic conditions. This alters the C and N transformations, microbial activities and their diversity, and soil physical properties, depending on the other crop in rotation with rice. This chapter aims to compare the soil quality of vertisols of central plains of Chhattisgarh under rice-wheat and rice-chickpea cropping systems. Soil quality index was developed using analytical hierarchy process (AHP). Five soil quality indicators were selected under minimum datasets including soil organic carbon, mean weight diameter, available water content, available phosphorous and zinc. The results indicated that the rice-chickpea cropping system shows improved soil quality than that of rice-wheat cropping system.
Organic Agriculture sustain and enhance the health of soil, plant, animal, human and planet as one and indivisible. The experiment was carried out at Agriculture experimental field, Nehru PG collage Lalitpur (U.P.) during 2014-15. Lalitpur district is a part of Bundelkhand plateau. Betwa River is the boundary between Jhansi and Lalitpur in the north. Most of the area is under the average elevation of 300 m to 450 m from the sea level, whereas some portion in south has an elevation above 450m. Its latitudinal extension is from 24°10'N to 25°15'N and longitudinal extension is from 78°10'E to 790°0'E. The experimental comprising four levels of Vermicompost, Farm Yard Manure and Rhizobium was conducted in the factorial randomized block design with 12 treatment combinations and three replications in 30 pots. Application of integrated nutrient management increased the seed & straw yield (kg/ha) as compared to control. Seed and straw yield (kg/ha) of fenugreek crop was found, the maximum 300 gm/pot of vermicompost (1433 kg/ha) and (9267 kg/ha) followed by FYM and Rhizobium. The Application of vermicompost (300 gm/pot) resulted in significantly higher nitrogen phosphorus and potassium uptake than FYM, Rhizobium treatment and control.
Sustaining soil health is an important task under changing scenario of climate and intensive cultivation.Therefore, a study was conducted on the Alfisols under rice-based cropping system of Korea district of Chhattisgarh in order to assess soil physical and chemical properties and to identify sustainable rice-based cropping" system in the area.Six "most prominent cropping sequences were" identified i.e. rice-wheat (RW), rice-chickpea (RC), rice-field pea (RP), rice-mustard (RM), rice-linseed (RL) and rice-fallow (RF).Stratified-random "soil sampling was done from the 10% of the total villages in the" district.In each village, "based on the cropping" system, soil "samples were taken from Alfisols.Soil physical and chemical properties have been evaluated among cropping" system using descriptive statistics.Among the cropping systems BD was higher in RW cropping" system, compared to RC, RP and RL.Other soil physical properties i.e. porosity, AWHC, "SMC and MWD were higher for soils under" rice-legume (RC and RP) cropping systems, than that of soils under" RW, RM and RF.Similarly soil chemical properties such as" OC available N, P, K, S and micronutrient Zn and B were found to be higher for soils under" rice-legume cropping system (RC and RP), compared to soils under" RW, RM and RF.From the descriptive statistics results it is concluded, that soil properties were sustain better for rice-legume cropping system (RC and RP) than that of soils under RW, RM, RL, and RF.
Purpose-The aim of this study is to determine the impact of dry eye induced due to electromagnetic radiation produced during use of digital screen. Methodology- The project was held through camping and OPD work during the clinical posting in Haryana and New Delhi. The invitation to participate in the camping was done through social media, hoarding and pamphlet. Data collection was done in Microsoft excel sheet basis on age group. To detect dry eye in patents eye few test was done such as shimmer test, TBUT test, by slit lamp examination few things were observed which was essential to detect dry eye such as Conjunctival Congestion, Meibomitis Dots, and Corneal shine. After all this the statistical analysis was done. Result- The EMR affected individuals were excessively used mobile phones, laptops, tablets, and PCs. According to this data, 60% of child experiences mild dry eye, 66.6% of young experiences moderate dry eye, 74 % of adult experiences serve dry eye. The test results of the present investigative study suggest that all the test results were significant at p < 0.05. Conclusion- The result of the study suggests that excess use of mobile phones, tablets, laptop, and computer leads to dry eye among the patients specially having working hours more than or at least 8-10 hours.
Continuous cropping and removal of crop residues from on lands.without adequate investment for soil quality has led to land degradation like soil erosion, loss of organic matter etc. to critical limits in the semi-arid regions where soils are naturally deficit in organic matter. Itis hypothesized that conservation agriculture (CA), which consists of zero / minimum tillage, crop residue retention / growing cover crops and adoption of suitable cropping systems, leads to reversal of process of land degradation when practiced continuously through significant reduction in runoff and soil loss (Castro et al., 1991) as well as improvement in soil physical, chemical and biological properties (Lal,2010). The major constraints to the use of CA in these regions include insufficient amounts of residues and degraded
Fields with rice-based cropping systems are unique from other wetland or upland soils because they are associated with frequent cycling between wetting and drying under anaerobic and aerobic conditions.This alters the C and N transformations, microbial activities and their diversity and soil physical properties, depending on the other crop in rotation with rice.This paper aims to compare the soil quality indicators of Vertisols of central plains of Chhattisgarh under rice-wheat and rice-chickpea cropping systems.The results indicated that among the cropping systems, soil physical, chemical and biological properties were found to be varying significantly.Accordingly, it is concluded that soil quality indicators were registered better rice-chickpea cropping system (RC and RL) than that of soils under rice-wheat.
Kanwar Lake is Asia's largest fresh water ox-bow lake. It lies in Manjhaul sub-division of Begusarai district in North Bihar. It is the only Ramsar site in Bihar. Due to rich biodiversity and socio-economic value Kanwar Lake deserve its international importance. The Kanwar Lake is situated at 250 55' N latitude 860 10' E longitude. A collection of species of ornamental fishes was made from the Kanwar Lake. The present investigation work highlight the Kanwar tal's ornamental fish diversity. The study was carried out during the year 2021-22. Different types of nets, traps and other fishing gears were used by the fishermen during study period. The maximum number of sample ornamental fishes were caught mainly from the eastern and southern part during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon period from the Kanwar Lake. The 26 species belonging to 14 different families of class actinopterygii were identified having order cypriniformes and others. Main aim to perform the study is to highlight the awareness of identification and culture of indigenous ornamental fishes of Kabar Lake.
An experiment was conducted at Horticultural Research Centre of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology-Meerut, to study the effect of time and techniques of propagation on bud/graft success and quality parameters in guava (Psidium guajava L.). Maximum survival percent (82.30) was recorded with patch budding performed in March under shade condition. Wedge grafting recorded minimum number of days to bud sprout (13.86 days) under shade conditions whereas, patch budding had recorded maximum number of days to bud sprout (36.86 days) under open conditions. The sprouting percentage of budded or grafted plant was higher under shade condition than open condition. Based on results obtained in the present study, it may be concluded that, patch budding was found to be better over wedge grafting in respect of survival, sprouting, plant and growth traits.
Background: Globally as of 2013, an estimated 382 million people or 8.3% of adults, are estimated to havediabetes, out of which about 46% were undiagnosed. The disease affects more than 50 million Indians-7.1%of the nation adults and kills about 1 million Indians a Year. The prevalence in south India has been reportedto vary between 0.7% in Pondicherry to 19.5% in Kochi in urban areas.Objectives: 1. To find out the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus among adults in urban populationof Eluru. 2. To study the socio-demographic variables in relation to type 2 diabetes mellitus in the studypopulation.Methodology: This was a community based cross sectional study carried out in the urban area of Eluru fora period of one year among 454 adults 30 years and above age group. WHO diagnostic criteria was used.The data was collected using a pretested semi structured questionnaire. All data collected was entered andanalysis was done by using the Microsoft Office Excel 2007 and necessary statistical tests like proportionsand chi square tests were applied.Results: In the present study 48.9 percent of the study population were males and 51.1 percent were females.The prevalence of the type 2 diabetes mellitus was 21.1 percent in the present study. The present studyshowed significant association between the educational status and diabetes mellitus (p<0.0001). Statisticalsignificant association (p<0.05) was found between different socio economic class of people and Diabetesmellitus.Conclusion: Prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the urban population was showing increasing trend.Diabetics and high-risk groups should be included in the health education, IEC activities and counselingprogrammes.
The Ichthyodiversity of the Sahni tola talab (pond) of Sundarpur bela, Darbhanga district, Bihar was studied from March 2013 to February 2014. The present investigation reveals the occurrence of 33 fish species belonging to 8 order, 15 family and 23 genera. Among the collected species, Cypriniformes was the most abundant fish order which is represented by 6 family, 12 genera and 17 species where as Perciformes was the second most abundant fish order which was represented by 2 family 3 genera and 4 species. Besides these two orders Beloniformes, Channiformes, Mastacembeliformes, Symbranchiformes, Clupeiformes and Tetradontiformes also were present but its number is very less. Out of 33 fish species 24 species have high food value, 8 species have low food value used by common people and 1 species i.e. Tetradon fluviatilis is not edible. Puntius is most abundant in number. The species diversity is peak in postmonsoon and low in premonsoon.
Introduction: The increased risk of the transmission of HIV is known to be associated with the presence of STIs and despite the presence of the National STI Control Program in India the number of people with STIs remains high. More than 1 million people acquire a STI every day. The true prevalence of STIs can never be known because of inadequate reporting due to secrecy and stigma associated with them and most of them are not even notifiable. Objectives: (1) To study socio-demographic factors of patient's attending STI clinic (2) To assess knowledge of patients about STI/HIV. (3) To assess protective practices of patients towards STIs. Material and Methods: This cross sectional was conducted in STI clinic, PBM hospital, Bikaner from Dec 2014- Jan 2016 using pre-tested and pre-structured questionnaire. The study variables were analyzed using Epi-Info7 software with application of Mean, Proportion and OR, Chi-square. Results: Out of 97 patients 83.5% knew about STIs. 79.4% reported having knowledge about symptoms of STIs and most common symptom reported was itching over genitals and discharge (85.5%). Statistically significant difference was present between male and female patient's knowledge about premarital sex as a factor for acquisition of STIs. 79.3% were using condoms to protect from STIs. The difference was statistically significant between knowledge and practice regarding condom use (χ2 = 6.544, df=1, p=0.01). Statistically significant difference was present between male and female patients practice regarding regular visit to STI clinic. Conclusion: Knowledge of patients regarding protective practices is not matching with their protective behavior.
Introduction: Placenta is a temporary structure, developed during Pregnancy and discarded at Parturition. Human Placenta is of Discoid and Haemo-Chorial type. It connects the foetus with the mother's womb. It is formed by the contribution of two Individuals - both Mother and Baby. At 1 term four- fth of Placenta is of foetal origin and one- fth is of maternal. Along with Amnion, Chorion, Allantois and Yolk sac, Placenta can also be considered as one of the foetal membranes, which acts as Nutritive and Protective to the developing Embryo. Method: - The present study was done on morphology and morphometry of 150 placentae carried at the Department of Anatomy, Basaveshwara Medical College & Hospital (BMCH), Chitradurga. The placentae were collected with prior ethical clearance and proper consent. Soon after the delivery the placental surface was washed thoroughly under running tap water which were then weighed, tagged and brought to the department of Anatomy, BMCH. The parameters like size, shape and attachment of umbilical cord were noted down. Gross examination was carried out according to the proforma. Result: - The maximum number of placentae belong to the range of 501-600 gms (38.7%). Least placental weight is recorded as 205 gms, showing dispersal pattern. The maximum recorded weight is 835 gms and the average being 491.4 gms. The majority of the placentae are discoid (63.3%). The minimum length recorded is 8.9 cms, maximum as 23.80 cms and the average being 18.3 cms. Conclusion: - Careful examination of Placenta can help in explaining adverse outcomes, their management in subsequent pregnancies and assessment of new born risk.
Backrground: In India half of the under-5 mortality is attributed to undernutrition. As a consequence of malnutrition numerous health issues are seen in under-5 children. EEarly intervention during this period can reduce the morbidity and mortality. This Study aims to estimate the prevalence of Stunting, underweight, wasting and Thinness among anganwadi children in Dakshina Kannada district, Karnataka.Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 564 anganwadi children in Dakshina Kannada district, Karnataka. Data collection was carried out using a pre-tested questionnaire. Anthropometric parameters for the assessment of nutritional status of children were measured using standard guidelines. Results: Boys weighed slightly more than girls in the age groups 3 & 4 years whereas girls’ weight was more for age groups 5-7 years. Except for the age group of 6 years, boys were found to be taller than girls. The prevalence of Stunning, Under-weight, Wasting and Thinness in our study was found to be 25.9%, 22%, 27.8% and 24.1% respectively. The prevalence of all 4 parameters were higher among age group of 5 &6 year old children.Conclusion:Stunning, Under-weight, Wasting and Thinness are theissues which requires our country to ensure implementation of policies which are practical and effective and also the interventions across the life cycle that take into account the variations and the context of each state in our countr
Abstract Assessment and modelling of land degradation are crucial for the management of natural resources and sustainable development. The current study aims to evaluate land degradation by integrating various parameters derived from remote sensing and legacy data with Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) combined machine learning models for the Mandovi river basin of western India. Various land degradation conditioning factors comprising of topographical, vegetation, pedological and climatic variables were considered. Integration of the factors was performed through weighted overlay analysis to generate the AHP based land degradation map. The output of AHP was then used with land degradation conditioning factors to build AHP combined gradient boosting machine (AHP-GBM), random forest (AHP-RF) and support vector machine (AHP-SVM) model. The model performances were assessed through area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUC). AHP-RF model recorded the highest AUC (0.996) followed by AHP-SVM (0.987), AHP (0.977) and AHP-GBM (0.975). The study revealed that AHP combined with RF could significantly improve the model performance over solo AHP. High rainfall with high slopes and improper land use were the major causes of land degradation in the study area. The findings of the current study will aid the policymakers to formulate land degradation action plans through implementing appropriate soil and water conservation measures.
The present study work goals to reveal the status of indigenous ornamental fish diversity of Kanwar wetland of Manjhaul subdivision of Begusarai district in Bihar. A collection of fishes was made from period of January 2023 to December 2023. In this investigation work different types of local fishing equipment’s like jhang, Aanta, Aarsi, Bari, Kanra etc were used by fishermen. Many types of nets of different mesh size as Bag net, Scoop net, cast net and Gill net were used to catch the fishes. In this study 48 type of fishes were informed out of which 26 fish species belongs to ornamental potential. They belong to 7 order, 13 families, 15 genera and 26 species. Cypriniformes was the most abundant fish order represented by 5 families, 6 genera and 9 species. Out of 26 fish species it was observed that 18fish species have high ornamental potential and 8 are of both ornamental as well as nutritional value. The study work shows moderate piscine diversity.
The present study aimed to evaluate the nutrient budget, apparent nutrient balance and quantify nutrient depletion and build-up resulting from 25 years of long term fertilization in a Vertisol of Subtropical India. The 150 % NPK recorded maximum positive apparent nitrogen (N) (3038 kg ha-1) and phosphorus (P) (1182 kg ha-1) balance, while minimum was recorded with absolute control (-1604 kg ha-1). The inclusion of green manure (GM) with 50 % NPK registered positive apparent N balance. The apparent P balance was positive with inclusion of P in fertilizer scheduling even under 50 % NPK and 50 % NPK + Blue green algae (BGA) treatments, indicating that 50 % P application fulfilled the crop P demand. The negative apparent K balance was recorded across almost all treatments with the average rate of -181 kg ha-1 yr-1 indicating luxury consumption of K by crops than its supplementation. The soil available N was depleted in all the treatments, however, depletion was minimum under 150 % NPK (10 kg ha-1) and 100 % NPK+FYM (13 kg ha-1). There was build-up of soil available P over initial status in all the imposed treatments (from 5 to 18 kg ha-1) even under sub-optimal dose of NPK, except in absolute control and 100 % N. However, a net negative soil available K was observed in almost all the treatments due to mining of soil K reserves to meet out crop demand. The findings underscore the critical necessity for strategic N and K fertilization in Vertisol under rice-wheat cropping system to sustain optimal nutrient equilibrium, managing soil fertility and maximize agronomic productivity.
I am currently preparing a manuscript on soil quality assessment and the establishment of critical limits for key indicators in long-term r…
I am currently preparing a manuscript on soil quality assessment and the establishment of critical limits for key indicators in long-term r…