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Abstract Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) have a unique facet of synthetic biology and offer a paradigm shift in personalized medicine as they can use and redirect the patient's immune cells to attack cancer cells. CAR‐natural killer (NK) cells combine the targeted specificity of antigens with the subsequent intracellular signaling ability of the receptors to increase their anti‐cancer functions. Importantly, CAR‐NK cells can be utilized as universal cell‐based therapy without requiring human leukocyte antigen (HLA) matching or earlier contact with tumor‐associated antigens (TAAs). Indeed, CAR‐NK cells can be adapted to recognize various antigens, hold higher proliferation capacity, and in vivo persistence, show improved infiltration into the tumors, and the ability to overcome the resistant tumor microenvironment leading to sustained cytotoxicity against tumors. Accumulating evidence from recent in vivo studies rendering CAR‐NK cell anti‐cancer competencies renewed the attention in the context of cancer immunotherapy, as these redirected effector cells can be used in the development of the “off‐the‐shelf” anti‐cancer immunotherapeutic products. In the current review, we focus on the therapeutic efficacy of CAR‐NK cell therapies for treating various human malignancies, including hematological malignancies and solid tumors, and will discuss the recent findings in this regard, with a special focus on animal studies.
Abstract Heavy metals are chemical elements with unique properties that are toxic even in low concentrations and affect human health with different functions. Agricultural and industrial activities, improper disposal of household solid waste and residues related to industrial producers, discharge of household wastewater and agricultural fertilizers are the most important ways in which toxic heavy metals enter the environment, which harms human health and life. A narrative review of the literature was done from 2000 to 2022 based on searched databases included Google Scholar, PubMed, Springer, Web of Science, and Science Direct (Scopus). All relevant studies published 2000 until 2022 gathered. According to the databases, 820 articles were retrieved. 186 and 50 articles were found and selected based on records identified through database searching and additional records identified through other sources. In the next stage, 97 studies were screened after review and 64 full-text articles entered into the analysis process. Finally, 45 articles were selected in this study. Adverse effects of heavy metals on various conditions in the body depend on a number of factors, including dose, route of exposure and chemical species, as well as age, sex, genetics, nutritional status, and duration of exposure to the heavy metal. The existence of significant relationships between long-term and short-term exposure to toxic heavy metals and their adverse effects, including carcinogenicity, has been extensively studied and proven through numerous experiments. However, the mechanisms associated with this complication have not been properly identified, so in future research, there is a great need for comprehensive studies on the carcinogenicity of heavy metals.
A growing body of evidence has revealed that microRNA (miRNA) expression is dysregulated in cancer, and they can act as either oncogenes or suppressors under certain conditions. Furthermore, some studies have discovered that miRNAs play a role in cancer cell drug resistance by targeting drug-resistance-related genes or influencing genes involved in cell proliferation, cell cycle, and apoptosis. In this regard, the abnormal expression of miRNA-128 (miR-128) has been found in various human malignancies, and its verified target genes are essential in cancer-related processes, including apoptosis, cell propagation, and differentiation. This review will discuss the functions and processes of miR-128 in multiple cancer types. Furthermore, the possible involvement of miR-128 in cancer drug resistance and tumor immunotherapeutic will be addressed.
Abstract Oral cancers are among the common head and neck malignancies. Different anticancer therapy modalities such as chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiation therapy, and also targeted molecular therapy may be prescribed for targeting oral malignancies. Traditionally, it has been assumed that targeting malignant cells alone by anticancer modalities such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy suppresses tumor growth. In the last decade, a large number of experiments have confirmed the pivotal role of other cells and secreted molecules in the tumor microenvironment (TME) on tumor progression. Extracellular matrix and immunosuppressive cells such as tumor-associated macrophages, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), and regulatory T cells (Tregs) play key roles in the progression of tumors like oral cancers and resistance to therapy. On the other hand, infiltrated CD4 + and CD8 + T lymphocytes, and natural killer (NK) cells are key anti-tumor cells that suppress the proliferation of malignant cells. Modulation of extracellular matrix and immunosuppressive cells, and also stimulation of anticancer immunity have been suggested to treat oral malignancies more effectively. Furthermore, the administration of some adjuvants or combination therapy modalities may suppress oral malignancies more effectively. In this review, we discuss various interactions between oral cancer cells and TME. Furthermore, we also review the basic mechanisms within oral TME that may cause resistance to therapy. Potential targets and approaches for overcoming the resistance of oral cancers to various anticancer modalities will also be reviewed. The findings for targeting cells and potential therapeutic targets in clinical studies will also be reviewed.
Abstract Nanoparticles (NPs) are insoluble particles with a diameter of fewer than 100 nanometers. Two main methods have been utilized in orthodontic therapy to avoid microbial adherence or enamel demineralization. Certain NPs are included in orthodontic adhesives or acrylic resins (fluorohydroxyapatite, fluorapatite, hydroxyapatite, SiO2, TiO2, silver, nanofillers), and NPs (i.e., a thin layer of nitrogen-doped TiO2 on the bracket surfaces) are coated on the surfaces of orthodontic equipment. Although using NPs in orthodontics may open up modern facilities, prior research looked at antibacterial or physical characteristics for a limited period of time, ranging from one day to several weeks, and the limits of in vitro studies must be understood. The long-term effectiveness of nanotechnology-based orthodontic materials has not yet been conclusively confirmed and needs further study, as well as potential safety concerns (toxic effects) associated with NP size.
The manifestations of the SARS-CoV-2 infection in the oral cavity are non-specific. The oral mucosal lesions that occur mimic the Herpes zoster virus infection, the Herpes simplex virus infection, Varicella and hand, foot and mouth disease, and the oral mucosal lesions with the skin manifestations (e.g. erythema multiforme).
Abstract Objective Ellagic acid (EA), a phenolic antioxidant, has benefits in bone health and wound healing. The combination of EA and hydroxyapatite (HA) (EA-HA) is expected to increase osteogenesis. The aim of this study was to analyze osteogenesis after application of EA-HA according to the number of osteoblasts and osteoclasts in the bone and the expression of the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-β ligand (RANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG), and osteocalcin (OCN) protein. Materials and Methods Thirty Wistar rats were assessed with bone defects created in the left femur. The defects were filled with EA-HA and then sutured. Control groups were filled with polyethylene glycol (PEG) or HA. Each group was sacrificed either 7 or 14 days after treatment. Results The defects filled with EA-HA exhibited the highest number of osteoblasts and the greatest expression of OPG and OCN at both day 7 and day 14 (p = 0.000). Conversely, treatment with EA-HA resulted in lower numbers of osteoclasts and reduced RANKL staining at both time points (p = 0.000). Conclusions EA-HA can increase osteogenesis in bone defects by increasing the number of osteoblasts and the expression of OPG and OCN.
Research on the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds is always a hot research topic among synthetic chemists, because heterocycles are very important scaffolds in the structure of numerous drugs, natural products and biologically active molecules. Propargylamines are a versatile class of amine compounds which find many applications in different fields of chemistry such as synthetic chemistry. In recent times, the utilization of propargylamines as reagent for the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds have received profound attention in organic synthesis. This review will provide comprehensive knowledge on the utilization of propargylamines as versatile and efficient reagents in the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds.
COVID-19 patients have shown overexpressed serum levels of several pro-inflammatory cytokines, leading to a high mortality rate due to numerous complications. Also, previous studies demonstrated that the metronidazole (MTZ) administration reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines and improved the treatment outcomes for inflammatory disorders. However, the effect and mechanism of action of MTZ on cytokines have not been studied yet. Thus, the current study aimed to identify anti-cytokine therapeutics for the treatment of COVID-19 patients with cytokine storm. The interaction of MTZ with key cytokines was investigated using molecular docking studies. MTZ-analogues, and its structurally similar FDA-approved drugs were also virtually screened against interleukin-12 (IL-12). Moreover, their mechanism of inhibition regarding IL-12 binding to IL-12 receptor was investigated by measuring the change in volume and area. IL-12-metronidazole complex is found to be more stable than all other cytokines under study. Our study also revealed that the active sites of IL-12 are inhibited from binding to its target, IL-12 receptor, by modifying the position of the methyl and hydroxyl functional groups in MTZ. Three MTZ analogues, metronidazole phosphate, metronidazole benzoate, 1-[1-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-5-nitroimidazol-2-yl]-N-methylmethanimine-oxide, and two FDA-approved drugs acyclovir (ACV), and tetrahydrobiopterin (THB) were also found to prevent binding of IL-12 to IL-12 receptor similar to MTZ by changing the surface and volume of IL-12 upon IL-12-drug/ligand complex formation. According to the RMSD results, after 100 ns MD simulations of human IL-12-MTZ/ACV/THB drug complexes, it was also observed that each complex was swinging within a few Å compared to their corresponding docking poses, indicating that the docking poses were reliable. The current study demonstrates that three FDA-approved drugs, namely, metronidazole, acyclovir and tetrahydrobiopterin, are potential repurposable treatment options for overexpressed serum cytokines found in COVID-19 patients. Similar approach is also useful to develop therapeutics against other human disorders.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Hexadecanoic acid of MP stem extracts has anticancer activity by inhibiting cell growth of hOSCC culture through caspase-3 stimulants.
Abstract The aim of this study was to find the role of TLR2 signaling pathway in reducing osteoclast activity and promoting osteoblast growth by inducing a combination of Aloe vera and cancellous bovine xenograft (XCB) into dental extraction socket. Forty-eight Cavia cobayas were used. They were divided into eight groups (n=6). For control group, their mandibular incisors were extracted and filled with PEG. For treatment groups, they were extracted and filled with XCB, Aloe vera and the combination of Aloe vera and XCB. The first four groups were sacrificed after 7 days and the other groups after 30 days. Immunohistochemistry and histopathology examination were conducted to examine TLR2, TNFa, OPG, collagen-1, and the osteoblast and osteoclast expressions. The expressions of TLR2, OPG and Collagen-1, as well as the number of osteoblast were increased. Meanwhile, the expressions of TNFa and osteoclast were decreased. The study finding was that TLR2 signaling pathway influenced alveolar bone osteogenesis process by reducing osteoclast activity and stimulating osteoblast growth induced by the combination of Aloe vera and XCB.
Abstract Objective Topical application of ambonese banana (Musa paradisiaca var. sapientum (L.) kuntze) stem sap gel (GEGPA) on the socket wound area showed an increase in the expression of platelet-derived growth factor-BB, while decrease in the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and 9. The aim of this study is to achieve standard formulation of GEGPA through stability, viscosity, distribution area, and drugs release for oral gel wound healing. Materials and Methods This is an in vitro and in vivo study with the randomized posttest only control group design. The gel was formulated according to the composition of each group by adding hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), Lexgard, propylene glycol, and cold water to obtain 100 g of gel. Observations were made through the following tests: stability, viscosity, distribution area, drug release, and histopathological analysis of tooth extraction wound healing. Statistical analysis Data were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance (α = 0.05) with GraphPad Prism-8 statistical software. Results The study showed that the GEGPA formulation was stable against changes in consistency, color, smell, homogeneity, and pH value. There is a significant difference between groups with respect to viscosity (p = 0.0001), adhesion (p = 0.004), dispersion (p = 0.000), and fibroblast cell numbers on days 3 and 5 (p = 0.007 and p = 0.001). There is no interaction between the active ingredients and the gel base of all formulations. Formulation 3 had better properties in terms of viscosity, broad distribution, and drug release compared with other groups. Application of GEGPA to tooth extraction wounds showed a significant proliferation of fibroblast cells on days 3 and 5. Conclusions The formulation of M. paradisiaca var. sapientum (L.) kuntze extract with HPMC and propylene glycol obtained a gel preparation, GEGPA, that was organoleptically stable and met the topical gel standard for wounds in the oral cavity.
Abstract Objective Scaffolds provided a surface on which cells could attach, proliferate, and differentiate. Nowadays, bone tissue engineering offers hope for treating bone cancer. Poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL)/graphene have capability as an osteogenic and regenerative therapy. It could be used to produce bone tissue engineering scaffolds. The purpose of this study was to investigate the ability of PCL/graphene to enhance the osteoinductive mechanism. Materials and Methods The PCL/graphene scaffold was developed utilizing a particulate-leaching process and cultured with osteoblast-like cells MG63 at 0.5, 1.5, and 2.5 wt% of graphene. We evaluated the porosity, pore size, migratory cells, and cell attachment of the scaffold. Statistical Analysis Data was expressed as the mean ± standard error of the mean and statistical analyses were performed using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc at a level of p-value < 0.05. Results Porosity of scaffold with various percentage of graphene was nonsignificant (p > 0.05). There were differences in the acceleration of cell migration following wound closure between groups at 24 hours (p < 0.01) and 48 hours (p < 0.00). Adding the graphene on the scaffolds enhanced migration of osteoblast cells culture and possibility to attach. Graphene on 2.5 wt% exhibited good characteristics over other concentrations. Conclusion This finding suggests that PCL/graphene composites may have potential applications in bone tissue engineering.
Abstract Objective Streptococcus mutans, the main causative agent of caries, have the ability to form biofilms on the surface of teeth. The availability of nutrients such as glucose, lactose, soy protein, and iron can influence S. mutans in biofilm formation. All four sources of nutrients have been shown to increase the formation of S. mutans biofilms. The purpose of this study was to determine the structure and thickness of S. mutans biofilms induced by glucose, lactose, soy protein, and iron. Materials and Methods This experimental laboratory study aimed to examine the formation of biofilm structures (chemical elements) and determine the thickness of S. mutans biofilms induced by glucose, lactose, soy protein, and iron. The structures (chemical elements) were examined using scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) analysis. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) was used to determine the thickness of S. mutans biofilms with an Olympus FV1000 microscope, and the findings were analyzed using Olympus Fluoview Ver. 4.2a software. Results It was established that the results of SEM-EDX examination of the structure of S. mutans biofilms induced by glucose had oxygen (O) as the dominant chemical element (30.24 w%); lactose reported oxygen (O) as the dominant element (29.65 w%); soy protein had carbon (C) as the dominant element (34.31 w%); and iron showed oxygen (O) as the dominant element (32.51 w%). The thickness (measured by the CLSM examination) of biofilms induced by glucose, lactose, soy protein, and iron were 17,666, 12,666, 18,000, and 15,666 nm, respectively. Conclusion The structure of S. mutans biofilms induced by glucose, lactose, and iron contain the following elements in amounts from the highest to lowest: O, C, N, P, and S; the biofilm produced by S. mutans induced by soy protein in amounts from the highest to lowest comprised the elements: C, O, N, S, and P. The S. mutans biofilms induced by soy protein had the maximum thickness, followed by those induced by glucose, iron, and lactose.
Background: Dental caries is the most commonly dental health problem found in Indonesia. Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus) is bacteria playing a role in the development and continuation of caries. Some researches in Dentistry Faculty show that many plants are efficacious for oral health. One of them is coffee bean. Coffee bean containing caffeine, phenolic, trigonelline, and chlorogenic acid is reported to have antimicrobial activity. Purpose: This research aimed to determine the differences in the inhibition of Arabica and Robusta coffee extract to L. acidophilus. Method: This research was an laboratory experimental research. The method used was well diffusion method using seven samples for each treatment group. BHI-A and inoculated L.acidophilus bacteria was poured into each petri dish, and then 8 pitted holes were made with a diameter of 5mm and a depth of 3mm using a ring. Next, Arabica or Robusta coffee extracts at a concentration of 100%, 75%, 50%, 12.5%, 6.25%, and 3.125% were put into each of the pitted hole until it was full, and a negative control was also prepared. They then were put in an incubator at a temperature of 37 °C for 24 hours. Afterwards, measurements and observations were conducted on inhibition zone area. Result: Robusta coffee extract at the concentrations of 100% and 75% had greater inhibitory than Arabica coffee extract (p<0.05). Meanwhile, Arabica and Robusta coffee extracts at the concentrations of 50% and 25% had no significant inhibitory difference (p>0.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, Robusta and Arabica coffee extracts have inhibitory effects on L.acidophilus. Robusta coffee bean extract, nevertheless, has better inhibitory effects than Arabica coffee bean extract.
Despite advances in cancer diagnosis and treatment, mortality associated with this malignant disease is still a major challenge in the health system. The tumour microenvironment (TME) provides a proper condition for cancer cells and gives rise to growth and metastasis. The TME is composed of fibroblasts, immune cells, extracellular matrix (ECM), endothelial cells, cytokines, and various factors; each of them has a special role in the process of tumour development. Therefore, the targeted treatment approach using gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) due to its unique properties, such as acceptable uptake, drug and ligand loading, low immunogenicity, high permeability, high cytotoxicity for tumour cells, and easy manipulation of particle properties; has had significant results in cancer treatment. In the current review study, we discussed more aspects of TME and associated targeted therapy methods with AuNPs.
Tooth extraction healing on macrophages and neovascular histopathology induced by ambonese banana stem sap gel. Blood clotting is very important in the early wound healing process. Blood clots will soon be filled with a connective tissue due to the induction of growth factors as granulation tissue. The expression of platelet derived growth factors (PDGF)-BB using the Ambonese banana stem sap gel (Musa paradisiaca var. sapientum) can increase the proliferation of fibroblasts. Macrophages and neovascular support in the early phase of healing. The purpose of this research was to demonstrate that Ambonese banana stem sap gel (GEGPA) can improve the macrophages and neovascular in the socket wound healing. Thirty six wistar rats were used and divided into 3 groups. The mandibular left incisor was extracted. The first group as control was given HPMC 4% gel on socket, the second group was given GEGPA 60%, and third group was given gelatin sponge. Rats were sacrificed on day 3 and 5 for histopathology examination of neovaskular and macrophages on the socket. The results showed that there was significantly different in the control group on a number of neovascular and macrophages in socket on day 3 (p<0.05). No significant difference on day 5 in all groups of neovascular and macrophages number (p>0.05). It was concluded that the use of GEGPA 60% accelerated the wound healing of tooth extraction socket by means of macrophages and neovascular increasing.
TGF-β1 and PDGF-BB are potent chemotaxis, mitogen and diffentiation mesenchym cells active in wound healing. Ambonese banana stem sap has been commonly used historically for gastric bleeding, ulcus pepticum and pharyngitis as empirical agents.The aim of this study is to prove PDGF-BBexpression and fibroblast proliferation effect of ambonese banana stem sap (Musa paradiaca var sapientum) on socket wound healing post tooth extraction. The contains of banana stem sap was performed by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and ultra-violet visible (UV-vis). We have used the post-test only control-group design with 54 male rats.Incisor and mandible teeth were extracted, and then the socket was treated water extract of ambonese banana stem sap 15, 30 and 60 mg dose in 4% hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC).The socket were observed at 2, 7 and 14 days on immunohistochemistry (IHC) and histology data. Result of this study that the water extract contains saponnins, flavonoids, tannins, anthraquinon and lectin at screening test. The data showed significant difference of PDGF-BB expressions and fibroblast proliferation at p=0,00 and p=0,00 on days 2 and 7after tooth extraction.The conclusion wasthe water extract of ambonese banana stem sap have potential to accelerate socket wound healing post tooth extraction on PDGF-BB expression and fibroblast proliferation.
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) will degrade of the extracellular matrix and proteins, including collagen, elastin, gelatin, matrix glycoproteins and proteoglycans. It affects the BMP in the process of differentiation and new bone tissue remodeling. Ambonese banana (Musa paradisiaca var. Sapientum) have potency to accelerate wound healing throught platelet derived growth factor (PDGF-BB) signaling. The research was conducted to prove the role of ambonese banana stem sap gel (GEGPA) on the MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression affected to collagen density of tooth extraction wound healing. This study used 24 male wistar rats were divided into 2 groups: one is a control without being treated, and the other one is a group GEGPA dose 60 mg in 4% Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose. All groups were examined for the expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, and collagen density in alveolar socket areas on day 7 and 14. The results showed there were significant differences in the expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, and collagen density in the alveolar socket healing between day 7 and 14 (p=0.00 and p=0.00). There was a strong correlation p=0.963 between the inhibition of MMP-2, MMP-9 and the increasing of collagen density. It is concluded that GEGPA increases collagen density on wound healing of tooth extraction through inhibition MMP-2 and MMP-9.
Stem cells can give a new hope to accelerate wound healing process and can also be used for the treatment of various diseases, including diseases on periodontal tissues (periodontitis) since there is still not any materials known to be able to attach wobbly teeth perfectly. Adult stem cells derived from bone marrow have widely been used nowadays. However, the number of stem cells is limited, consequently, growth factors are necessary to increase the proliferation of stem cells. Unfortunately, growth factors that have been used are still expensive and difficult to obtain. Therefore, an alternative to the use of growth factors from natural materials that can potentially accelerate wound healing process is necessary to be developed. Purpose: Golden Sea Cucumbers (Stichopus hermanii) is rich in both growth factors that can repair damaged cells and protein that reaches up to 82% of all components of the golden sea cucumbers, 80% of which is collagen. Therefore, this research aims to prove how great the potential of the Golden Sea Cucumbers (Stichopus hermanii) as natural growth factors on stem cells is. Method conducted aimed to analyze proliferation ability and osteogenic differentiation in Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSC) with the provision of the Golden Sea Cucumbers (Stichopus hermanii). Results: Based on the results of MTT assay, the provision of the Golden Sea Cucumbers (Stichopus hermanii) in cultured MSCs could enhance the proliferation of stem cells. In the provision of osteogenic induction medium, mineralization emerged in MSC culture, stained with alizarin red. The provision of the Golden Sea Cucumbers on MSC can improve the proliferation ability of MSC and can also increase the ability of MSCs to differentiate into osteoblasts.
Objective. Ellagic acid, a phenolic compound with anti-inflammatory potential, can be used to accelerate the bone healing process and affect human health, while hydroxyapatite is the most commonly used bone graft material. Using a combination of the two materials results in reduced inflammation and increased osteogenesis. This study aimed to determine the effects of combining ellagic acid and hydroxyapatite in bone marker remodelling by analysing the expression of tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin 10 (IL-10), bone morphogenetic 4 protein (BMP-4), and osteopontin (OPN). Methods. Thirty Wistar rats were used in the study. A defect was created in each animal’s femur using a low-speed diamond bur. In the control group, the bone was then treated with polyethylene glycol (PEG). In one of the other groups, the bone was treated with hydroxyapatite, and in the other, with ellagic acid-hydroxyapatite. The femur was biopsied 7 days after the procedure and again 14 days after the procedure, and an indirect immunohistochemical (IHC) examination was performed for TNF-α, IL-10, BMP-4, and OPN expression. Results. The ellagic acid-hydroxyapatite decreased TNF-α expression in the bone tissue after 7 days and again after 14 days ( <a:math xmlns:a="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M1"> <a:mi>p</a:mi> </a:math> < 0.05). On the other hand, it increased IL-10, BMP-4, and OPN expression ( <c:math xmlns:c="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M2"> <c:mi>p</c:mi> </c:math> < 0.05) during the same time periods. Conclusion. Ellagic acid-hydroxyapatite plays a role in bone marker remodelling by decreasing the expression of TNF-α and increasing the expression of IL-10, BMP-4, and OPN. This hydroxyapatite combination can therefore be recommended for use as bone graft material.
Abstract Objective Bacterial nanocellulose (BN), derived from Acetobacter xylinum ATCC 237672, is a polymer that offers several desirable characteristics for scaffolds applications. To further enhance the characteristic of the BN scaffold, hydroxyapatite (HAp) from Anadara granosa and Achatina fulica can be incorporated. Therefore, the aim of the study was to characterize the physical properties of a three-dimensional (3D) scaffold made of HAp and BN. Materials and Methods The scaffold was developed using the cellulose immersion technique, where BN was soaked in HAp suspension for different duration (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 hours). The physical properties that were evaluated included porosity, pore density, swelling ratio, and water retention. Results The HAp/BN 3D scaffold, which is considered a hydrogel material, exhibited favorable physical properties that can support cell survival. The total porosity of the scaffolds was 100%. There was no significant difference porosity among the groups (p > 0.05). The swelling ratio increased on day 1 and then sharply decreased on day 2. There was a significant difference between the groups on both day 1 and day 2 (p < 0.05). The scaffolds immersed in the HAp for more than 15 hours exhibited higher water retention compared to the other groups, and there was a significant difference between the groups on day 2 and day 4 (p < 0.05). The scaffold immersed for more than 15 hours exhibited a higher pore density compared to those immersed for less than 15 hours, and there was no a significant difference between the groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion Our findings suggest that the HAp/BN 3D scaffold, especially when immersed in HAp for 15 hours, possesses promising physical properties that make it suitable for various applications in dental tissue engineering.
Abstract Objective We aimed to develop a nanoemulgel of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth–derived conditioned medium (SHED-CM) for oral wound biotherapy candidate. Materials and Methods Deciduous tooth pulp was collected from two patients aged 6 years. The mesenchymal stem cell marker expression was analyzed by immunocytochemistry of CD45, CD90, and CD105. Alizarin red staining was performed to differentiate SHEDs from osteoblasts. The quantitative and quantification of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secreted into conditioned media were measured using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The characteristics of the nanoemulgel of SHED-CM (NESCM) were analyzed in terms of organoleptic properties, pH, and homogeneity. The cytotoxicity of NESCM 1.5% was analyzed in human gingival fibroblast (hGF) cell and osteoblast cell line (MC3T3) by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay. Statistical Analysis The results were presented as mean ± standard deviation (X ± SD), and the differences between groups were analyzed using the post hoc Tukey's test at a significance level of p-value < 0.05. Results SHEDs were successfully isolated, which were characterized for positive marker expressions of CD90 and CD105 and negative expression of CD45 as well as their osteogenic commitment. In SHED-CM, TGF-β and VEGF were detected on day 1 of conditioning and afterward. Notably, the growth factor enriched as the duration of conditioning increased. The generated nanoemulgel with SHED-CM was stable and homogeneous, and had limited cytotoxic effects on hGF and MC3T3 cell culture. Conclusion SHED-CM containing the growth factors can potentially be used as oral wound biotherapy in the form of nanoemulgel.
Background: Polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) release oxygen free radicals or reactive oxygen species (ROS) during inflammation. As a result, ROS level is higher than antioxidant level in our body during oxidative stress leading to prolong inflammation or continuous tissue damage. Indonesia, on the other hand, is a country with various herbal medicines. For instance, ambonese banana (Musa parasidiaca var. sapientum) is often used as herbal medicine. Ambonese banana, moreover, has flavonoid, polyphenol, tannin, and saponin as antioxidants to reduce free radicals by transferring their hydrogen atom. Medicine used to reduce the impact of free radicals is known as antioxidant. Antioxidant is proved to accelerate wound healing. Purpose: This research aims to analyze the effects of the antioxidant activity of Ambonese banana stem sap extract. Method: Antioxidant activities in this research were examined with 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hidrazyl (DPPH) method by reacting with stable radical compounds. Spectrophotometry with a wavelength of 517 nm was used to measure absorption results shown in purple. The absorption results then were calculated by IC50 reduction activity. Result: There were significant differences of Ambonese banana stem sap antioxidant activity (p<0.05) at the concentrations of 15%, 30%, and 60 %. All concentrations have greater absorbance scores than IC50 (>50%). Conclusion: Ambonese banana stem sap extract has antioxidant activities.
Collagen has an important role in wound healing to return anatomy and physiology of tissue structure. Dragon fruit is a natural resource that can be used as a therapy that contains flavonoid, saponin, vitamin A, C, and E useful in wound healing. The aim of this study is to prove the effectivity of dragon fruit ( Hylocereus polyrhizus ) peel extract gel towards collagen fibers density after tooth extraction of Wistar rat ( Rattus norvegicus ). The randomized post test only control groups design was used for this study. The sample consisted of 40 Wistar rats treated with tooth extraction in the left incisive tooth of the mandible. Dragon fruit peel extract gel 15%, 30%, 60% was given into the socket except for control group which was given CMC-Na gel. Wistar rats was sacrificed on the fourth and seventh days after tooth extraction and prepared for histopathological examination with Masson's Trichrome staining. The data were analyzed with One-way ANOVA and Tukey-HSD test. There are significant differences in the density of collagen in the treatment group concentration 30%. The result showed that the use of dragon fruit peel extract gel affects the density of collagen fibers at 4 and 7 days after tooth extraction. The finding provides dragon fruit peel extract could promote the healing process through the formation of collagen fibers density.
The aim of this study was to find the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of sappan wood ethanol extract (Caesalpinia sappan L.) toward the growth of A.actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis. The randomized post test only control group design was applied to this study. The sappan wood \nethanol extract was conducted with maceration method using 96% ethanol. Diluted to 50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, 3.125%, 1.56%, 0.78%, and 0.39% concentration. The MIC and MBC values of sappan wood ethanol extract toward A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis was then known via the evaluation for Colony Forming Units (CFUs) In \nMH medium. The MIC and MBC of sappan wood ethanol extract \ntoward A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis was at 1.56% and 3.125% concentration. The ethanol extract of sappan wood reduces the number of bacterial colonies significantly at p=0.00. This study concluded that the growth of A. actinomycetemcomitans and P.gingivalis can be inhibited by sappan wood ethanol extract (Caesalpinia \nsappan L.) at MIC 1.56% and MBC 3.125% concentration.
Abstract The advancements in the cell culture studies have led to the development of regenerative medicine concept. The aim of this study is to compare the effectiveness of some washing solutions, including phosphate buffered saline (PBS), sodium chloride (NaCl), and ringer's lactate (RL) on the rate of detachment and confluency in fibroblast and osteoblast cell culture. Baby Hamster Kidney 21 clone 13 (BHK21/C13) fibroblast cells and 7F2 osteoblast were cultured on T25 flasks for 3-4 days. Three treatment groups were classified on the basis of different washing solutions used in the moment before trypsinization: PBS, 0.9% NaCl, and RL. Each group was measured for the detachment rate and cell confluence. The measurement was done in 2 passage numbers. The use of PBS, NaCl, and RL washing solution showed that detachment time was less than 5 minutes for the fibroblasts and 3 minutes for the osteoblasts. There was a significant difference in the rate of fibroblast cell detachment (p=0.006) and osteoblast (p=0.016). The capability of fibroblasts and osteoblasts to achieve a confluence of 106 cells/well on the first and second measurements was almost the same between the washing solution groups. The use of physiological 0.9% NaCl solution as a washing solution in fibroblast and osteoblast cell culture has almost the same effectiveness as PBS to help accelerate cell detachment in less than 5 minutes without influencing the capability of cells to proliferate.
Background: Traditional wound treatment using herbal medicine is thought to maintain the health of families and society in general economically, effectively, and efficiently without inducing side effects. One genus of plant that can be used as a traditional medicine is the Mauli banana, indigenous to South Borneo. Mauli banana stem contains bioactive compounds, most of which are tannins along with ascorbic acid, saponin, β-carotene, flavonoids, lycopene, alkaloids, and flavonoids. Tanin has antibacterial and antioxidant effects at low concentrations, as wells as antifungal ones at high concentrations. Purpose: This study aimed to analyze the effects of Mauli banana stem extract at concentrations of 25%, 37.5%, and 50% on the quality of incised wound healing in male Rattus norvegicus rats by assessing FGF-2 expression and fibroblast concentration on days 3 and 7. Methods: This research represented an experimental laboratory-based investigation involving 32 rats of the Rattus norvegicus strain aged 2-2.5 months old. Sampling was performed using a simple random sampling technique since the research population was considered homogeneous and divided into 8 treatment groups (C3, M3-25, M3-37.5, M3-50, C7, M7-25, M7-37.5, M7-50). The rats in each group were anesthetized before their back was incised with length and width of 15x15mm with a depth of 2mm. Gel hydroxy propyl cellulose medium (HPMC) was applied to the incised wound of each rat in the control group, while stem Mauli banana extract was applied to that of each rat in the treatment groups three times a day at an interval of 6-8 hours. On day 3, four rats from each group were sacrificed, while, in the remaining groups, the same procedure was performed until day 7, at which point they (8 groups) were sacrificed for HE examination in order to assess the amount of fibroblast and for IHC examination to examine FGF-2 expression. Data regarding FGF-2 expression and the amount of fibroblast were analysed by means of One-way Anova and HSD. Results: The results showed that the Mauli banana stem extract could significantly improve the expression of FGF-2 and the amount of fibroblast cells compared to C3 and C7 groups. The highest increase in FGF-2 expression and fibroblast amount were found in all groups on days 3 and 7 treated with the Mauli banana stem extract at a concentration of 50%. Conclusion: There was an increase of FGF-2 expression and the amount of fibroblast cells in the incision wound healing process that induced with Mauli banana stem extract.
There are differences in biofilm protein profile expression that determine the molecular weight of S. mutans biofilm and A. actinomycetemcomitans induced by sucrose (carbohydrate) and soy protein (glycine soja).
Abstract Objective The infrared rays is one of the treatments to relief of dental pain due to pulpitis or periodontitis. The ability of infrared to increase the pain threshold which make eliminating P substance on the inflammation area and inducing Aβ and Aδ fibers to activate γ-aminobutyrate (GABA) and neuropeptides to decrease the pain. Hence, reducing or eliminating dental pain. This study to get information about effectively distance between patients and infrared rays which can reduce or eliminate dental pain. Materials and Methods The explorative experimental research to determine the effectivity of the infrared rays’ distance: 45, 55, and 55 cm in reducing or eliminating dental pain. The material of infrared was tungsten with luminous light and the time for the lighting was 15 minutes. Statistical Analysis The data were obtained and analyzed using Wilcoxon’s signed rank test and Kruskal–Wallis test (α= 0.05). Results There were influenced of the infrared rays to reduce the dental pain as follow, distance 45 cm (p = 0.007), distance 55 cm (p = 0.026), and distance 65 cm (p = 0.007). The average scale reduction for distance 45 cm was 2.23 ± 0.83, the distance 55 cm was 3.33 ± 0.87, and the distance 65 cm was (1.78 ± 0.83). Therefore, according to Kruskal–Wallis test with p = 0.004 (p < 0.05) showed the significant difference between the scale to decrease of dental pain was the distance of 55. Conclusion Infrared rays located at a distance of 55 cm from patients might be more effective in relieving dental pain, compared with other distances tested.
Abstract The efficacy of mouthwash for reducing the viral load in patients with the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remains unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis comprehensively examined the effects of chlorhexidine (CHX) and povidone-iodine (PVP-I) on the viral load in patients with COVID-19. We performed methodological analysis, systematic review, and meta-analysis of included studies using the Comprehensive Meta-analysis Software. PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and ProQuest were searched from December 1, 2019, to December 2, 2021. In total, we included 10 studies of 1,339 patients with COVID-19. Compared with the control group, both CHX and PVP-I significantly reduced the number of negative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) results (p<0.001) among COVID-19 patients. The CHX and PVP-I were effective on reducing the number of negative RT-PCR results in COVID-19 patients. Additional studies using adequate randomization methods and larger samples are warned.
أحد الأدوية العشبية التي يمكن استخدامها لتسريع النزيف هو عصارة جذع الموز الأمبونية (Musa paradisiaca var. Sapientum) من خلال إفراز Adenosin Diphosphate (ADP) وعامل von Willebrand (vWF) في عملية التصاق الصفائح الدموية على الأوعية المصابة. تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى اختبار تأثير مستخلص جذع الموز الأمبوني بتركيز 25٪ و 50٪ و 100٪ استجابة مرقئ على الفئران. تم تقسيم 24 دراسة حيوانية بشكل عشوائي إلى أربع مجموعات. المجموعة الأولى كانت المجموعة الضابطة ، المجموعة الثانية أعطيت 25٪ تركيز المستخلص ، المجموعة الثالثة أعطيت تركيز المستخلص 50٪ والمجموعة الرابعة أعطيت تركيز 100٪ من مستخلص جذع الموز الأمبوني عن طريق الفم. ثم تم فحص جميع المجموعات وقت النزيف والتجلط. أدى إعطاء مستخلص جذع الموز الأمبوني بتركيزات 25٪ و 50٪ و 100٪ إلى تقصير وقت النزف ووقت التخثر بشكل كبير مقارنة بمجموعة التحكم (p = 0.00). المجموعة التي تحتوي على مستخلص 100٪ من جذع الموز الأمبوني لها أقصر وقت للنزيف ووقت التخثر. أظهرت استنتاجات هذه الدراسة أن مستخلص جذع الموز الأمبوني لديه القدرة على أن يكون عامل مرقئ عن طريق تقصير وقت النزف والتخثر على الفئران.
Context: The prevalence of periodontitis in Indonesia is still high. The main bacteria causing periodontitis is Porphyromonas gingivalis, which causes direct damage to periodontal tissue and triggers various immune responses through the NF-B signaling pathway, producing pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum) extract might be useful as an anti-inflammatory by inhibiting the NF-B signaling pathway and PGE-2 biosynthesis by suppressing COX-2. Aims: To evaluate the anti-inflammatory potential of fractionated ethanol extract of Z. officinale by observing NF-B and PGE-2 levels in periodontitis model rats. Methods: 90 male Wistar rats were divided into five groups: negative control group, positive control group (ibuprofen dose 10 mg/kg BW), and treatment group (Z. officinale dose 10, 50, 100 mg/kg BW), which were observed on the 3rd, 5th, and 7th day. Induction of P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 2 × 106 CFU in 30 µL PBS using a 0.5 mL syringe in the gingival sulcus on the mesial of the mandibular central incisor was carried out once every three days for two weeks. 6 rats from each group were sacrificed on 3rd, 5th, and 7th day after treatment. The gingival tissue of the mandibular central incisor was excised for ELISA examination to determine the levels of NF-B and PGE-2. Results: The Two-Way ANOVA analysis showed that fractionated ethanol extract of Z. officinale significantly reduced levels of NF-B (p=0.000) and PGE-2 (p=0.000) in all groups. Conclusions: Fractionated ethanol extract of Z. officinale has anti-inflammatory potential by reducing NF-B levels at a dose of 10 mg/kg BW and PGE-2 levels at 100 mg/kg BW on day 5 in periodontitis model rats.
<ns3:p>Background Dental caries is a common chronic oral disease, posing a serious public health issue. By analyzing large datasets, machine learning shows potential in addressing this problem. This study employs bibliometric analysis to explore emerging topics, collaborations, key authors, and research trends in Southeast Asia related to the application of machine learning in dental caries management. Methods A comprehensive selection using the Scopus database to obtain relevant research, covering publications from inception to July 2024 was done. We employed the Bibliometric approaches, including co-authorship networks, yearly publishing trends, institutional and national partnerships, keyword co-occurrence analysis, and citation analysis, for the collected data. To explore the visualization and network analysis, we employed the tools such as VOSviewer and Bibliometrix in R package. Results The final bibliometric analysis included 246 papers. We found that Malaysia became the top contributor with 59 publications, followed by Indonesia (37) and Thailand (29). Malaysia had the highest Multiple Country Publications (MCP) ratio at 0.407. Top institutions including the Universiti Sains Malaysia led with 39 articles, followed by Chiang Mai University (36) and the National University of Singapore (30) became the leader. Co-authorship analysis using VOSviewer revealed six distinct clusters. A total of 1220 scholars contributed to these publications. The top 10 keywords, including ‘human’ and ‘dental caries,’ indicated research hotspots. Conclusion We found growing evidence of machine learning applications to address dental caries in Southeast Asia. The bibliometric analysis highlights key authors, collaborative networks, and emerging topics, revealing research trends since 2014. This study underscores the importance of bibliometric analysis in tackling this public health issue.</ns3:p>
The aim of this study was to find the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of sappan wood ethanol extract (Caesalpinia sappan L.) toward the growth of A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis. The randomized post test only control group design was applied to this study. The sappan wood ethanol extract was conducted with maceration method using 96% ethanol. Diluted to 50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, 3.125%, 1.56%, 0.78%, and 0.39% concentration. The MIC and MBC values of sappan wood ethanol extract toward A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis was then known via the evaluation for Colony Forming Units (CFUs) In MH medium. The MIC and MBC of sappan wood ethanol extract toward A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis was at 1.56% and 3.125% concentration. The ethanol extract of sappan wood reduces the number of bacterial colonies significantly at p=0.00. This study concluded that the growth of A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis can be inhibited by sappan wood ethanol extract (Caesalpinia sappan L.) at MIC 1.56% and MBC 3.125% concentration.
This study proved that ambonese banana stem extract has a potency to shorten the bleeding time in mice tail wound without interfering to platelet count.
<ns4:p>Background Dental caries is a common chronic oral disease, posing a serious public health issue. By analyzing large datasets, machine learning shows potential in addressing this problem. This study employs bibliometric analysis to explore emerging topics, collaborations, key authors, and research trends in Southeast Asia related to the application of machine learning in dental caries management. Methods A comprehensive selection using the Scopus database to obtain relevant research, covering publications from inception to July 2024 was done. We employed the Bibliometric approaches, including co-authorship networks, yearly publishing trends, institutional and national partnerships, keyword co-occurrence analysis, and citation analysis, for the collected data. To explore the visualization and network analysis, we employed the tools such as VOSviewer and Bibliometrix in R package. Results The final bibliometric analysis included 246 papers. We found that Malaysia became the top contributor with 59 publications, followed by Indonesia (37) and Thailand (29). Malaysia had the highest Multiple Country Publications (MCP) ratio at 0.407. Top institutions including the Universiti Sains Malaysia led with 39 articles, followed by Chiang Mai University (36) and the National University of Singapore (30) became the leader. Co-authorship analysis using VOSviewer revealed six distinct clusters. A total of 1220 scholars contributed to these publications. The top 10 keywords, including ‘human’ and ‘dental caries,’ indicated research hotspots. Conclusion We found growing evidence of machine learning applications to address dental caries in Southeast Asia. The bibliometric analysis highlights key authors, collaborative networks, and emerging topics, revealing research trends since 2014. This study underscores the importance of bibliometric analysis in tackling this public health issue.</ns4:p>
<ns4:p> Background The interaction between <ns4:italic>Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans)</ns4:italic> and <ns4:italic>Veillonella species</ns4:italic> ( <ns4:italic>Veillonella spp.</ns4:italic> ) is unclear. This study aims to investigate the interaction between <ns4:italic>S. mutans</ns4:italic> and <ns4:italic>Veillonella spp.</ns4:italic> on caries development using systematic review. Methods This systematic review was accorded to the guideline of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Three electronic databases, namely PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane library, were used to conduct a systematic search for eligible studies from their inception until July 18, 2023. PROSPERO registration number was No. CRD42023445968. Results We initially identified 4,774 articles. After eliminating duplicates and irrelevant articles, 11 studies met the inclusion criteria. The studies revealed important aspects of the relationship between <ns4:italic>S. mutans</ns4:italic> and <ns4:italic>Veillonellae spp.</ns4:italic> in dental caries. One significant finding is that <ns4:italic>Veillonellae spp.</ns4:italic> can affect the acid production capacity of <ns4:italic>S. mutans.</ns4:italic> Some studies indicate that <ns4:italic>Veillonellae spp.</ns4:italic> can inhibit the acid production by <ns4:italic>S. mutans</ns4:italic> , potentially reducing the cariogenic process. Another aspect is the competition for substrates. <ns4:italic>Veillonellae spp.</ns4:italic> utilize lactic acid, which is a by product of <ns4:italic>S. mutans</ns4:italic> metabolism, as a source of carbon. This metabolic interaction may decrease the availability of lactic acid for <ns4:italic>S. mutans</ns4:italic> , potentially influencing its cariogenic potential. Conclusions This systematic review highlights the emerging evidence on the interaction between <ns4:italic>S. mutans</ns4:italic> and <ns4:italic>Veillonellae spp.</ns4:italic> in dental caries. The findings suggest that <ns4:italic>Veillonellae spp.</ns4:italic> can modulate the acid production, and substrate competition of <ns4:italic>S. mutans</ns4:italic> , potentially influencing the cariogenic process. </ns4:p>
Introduction: Pore structure and geometry are crucial in scaffold development for tissue engineering. From this viewpoint, pore geometry characterization methods will aid in understanding the influence of pore structure (pore size and diffusivity) on its properties. These properties determine how oxygen and water enter the scaffold, forming adsorption states. Previous studies showed that the addition of graphene (G) to polycaprolactone (PCL) increased the pore size, and played a significant role in tissue regeneration. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate pore structure, geometry, and viability that are suitable for osteogenesis. Materials and methods: Morphology, size, and size distribution of PCL and PCL/G scaffolds were measured at concentrations of 1, 2, and 3 wt% G for the pore structure, while the connectivity of the scaffold's pore was analyzed using the geodesic tortuosity. This is essential because these factors promote the viability of osteogenesis-supporting cells. Results and discussion: The results showed that 3 wt% G had a good water diffusivity rate, larger pores, better connectivity, and viability than other concentrations. Conclusion: In conclusion, the presence of G in scaffolds affects the pore geometry and structure. This results in several advantageous effects that support osteogenesis, such as increased water and nutrient uptake, enhanced waste metabolism transport, and increased viability of the cells. HIGHLIGHTS Pore structure and geometry are essential for tissue engineering scaffold development. 3 wt% G concentration exhibited better interconnectivity compared to PCL. Larger pore sizes improve fluid flow because of the higher diffusivity of the scaffold. MG-63 cells, resembling osteoblasts, exhibited enhanced proliferation at 3 wt% G. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Abstract Ambonese banana stem extract (Musa paradisiaca var. sapientum (L.) Kuntze) has been proven to contain the active compound Hexadecanoic acid (Hexa) which can suppress the growth of cancer cells through the apoptosis process. The aims to determine HA interaction to nuclear factor-kappa-B p65/RELA and tumor suppressor-p53 for the development of oral anticancer drugs through molecular docking. In silico molecular docking study carried out include prediction of activity spectra of substances (PASS), drug-likeness analysis based on the lipinski rule of five principles, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) study, molecular docking and Hexa bond visualization (CID: 985), along with the positive control comparison 5-fluorouracil (Fluo) (CID: 3385) and the derivative compound 9-octadecenoic acid (Octa) (CID: 445639) which bind to the proteins target RELA (PDB ID: 6NV2) and p53 (PDB ID: 2OCJ). The Hexa, Fluo and Octa compounds' tests were negative for AMES toxicity, indicating that these compounds do not cause genetic mutations. The acute oral toxicity tests yielded values of 1.44 mol/kg for Hexa, 1.939 mol/kg for Fluo and 1.417 mol/kg for Octa. Molecular docking results and bond visualization indicate that the affinity of 9-octadecenoic acid interacts better with RELA and p53 compared to the positive control, i.e. 5-fluorouracil. Hexa compound exhibits a superior binding pocket compared to Fluo and Octa, particularly against the p53 target protein. Hexadecanoic acid compound in Musa paradisiaca var. sapientum (L.) Kuntze represents a breakthrough in developing a new anticancer potential and effectiveness against RELA and p53.
Abstract Micronuclei serve as a biomarker of cancer cell due to genetic mutations and an indicator of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage. The aim of this study to examine the effect of hexadecanoic acid in Musa paradisiaca (MP) as anticancer by reducing the frequency of micronuclei and inducing apoptosis.. Twenty male rats were divided into five groups. Negative control was given aquades orally (K-) and positive control was induced with 0.5% DMBA (K+). In addition, the treatment groups were induced with 0.5% DMBA and given ethanol extract of MP (EEMP) at doses of 1 mg/kgBW/day (EEMP1), 2 mg/kgBW/day (EEMP2), and 4 mg/kgBW/day (EEMP3), respectively. DMBA was applied to the buccal mucosa for 14 weeks, followed by the administration of EEMP orally after nodules appeared for 10 days. MN examination was carried out using the papanicolaou method, while apoptosis was assessed using the TUNEL assay. Oral administration of EEMP at a dose of 4 mg/kg BW for 10 days in rats showed a lower frequency of MN compared to other groups with significant difference at p=0.000 (p<0.05). In addition, EEMP dose of 4 mg/kgBW increased apoptosis of epithelial cell that transformed towards malignancy, as showed by green-stained epithelial cell (TdT) with significant different at p=0.000 (p<0.05), and the green-stained cell exhibited a linear increase with the increasing dose. The administration of EEMP could reduce the frequency of MN in DMBA-induced precancerous lesions of the buccal mucosa. The decrease in MN was caused by EEMP through the enhancement of apoptosis, which prevented oral cancer.
Background: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A. actinomycetemcomitans) is a Gram negative bacteria that form a subgingival plaque causing periodontitis. Nowadays, many natural resources can be used as a basic ingredient of drugs. One of the resources used as an antibacterial material is cacao bean. It contains of polyphenol flavonoids, such as catechin, epicatechin, anthocyanin, and proanthocyanidin. Chemical compounds contained in ethanol extract and water extract are different in quantity from those in cocoa beans. Purpose: This research aimed to find out difference in antibacterial activity between the 70% ethanol and water extract of cacao beans (Theobroma cacao L.) on A. actinomycetemcomitans. Method: This research was an in vitro laboratory experiment. The serial dilutions was performed on the 70% ethanol and water extract of cacao beans a concentration of 100% to 3.125%. At each concentration, the 70% ethanol and water extract of cacao beans were added with grown bacterial suspension of A. actinomycetemcomitans. After they were incubated for 24 hours, the bacteria grown on Luria Berthani media were observed. Bacteria colonies then were measured in CFU/ml. Result: There were significant differences in bacterial colonies grown at the concentrations of 6.25% and 3.125% between the 70% ethanol extract of cacao beans and the water extract of cacao beans as p-value = 0.000 (p<0.05). Conclusion: 70% Ethanol beans and water extract of cacao beans have antibacterial activity against A. Actinomycetemcomitans. The concentrations of MIC and MBC extracts were 6.25% and 12.5% respectively.
The sap of ambonese banana (Musa paradisiaca var sapientum) contain flavonoids, saponins, tannins which have beenwidely used by people in Trunyan Bali as traditional medicine on wound healing, and it has been reported as apotential wound healing after tooth extraction. The aim of this research was to determine the level of safety of usingherbal medicine, ambonese banana stem extract on histopatology liver of mice with LDparameters. This experimentalstudy was performed bythe post test only controlled group design. The sample were 28 mice (Mus musculus) randomlydivided into 4 groups. K group as control group was given aquadest. P1, P2, and P3, as treatment groups were givenambonese banana stem extract with dose 0.42g/20gbw, 2.1g/20gbw, 4.2g/20gbw. The extract was given per-oral withsonde on the first day. On day 3, the mice were terminated, and the livers were microscopically histopathological observed. The observed at 3th50 day, there were no deaths in every groups of mice (K, P1, P2, and P3) on the third day observation. Kruskal Wallis test showed there was not significant difference in histopathological appearance on liverof mice (p=0.771). It wasconcluded that the maximumsafety dose that can still be administered is 0.42g/20gbw followingthe LDparameter. Theacute toxicity test of ambonese banana stem extract did not show necrosis on liver but it showedthe highest simple degeneration than all groups which were given 0.42g/20gbw dose.
Tooth avulsion is a tooth that completely detached from its socket. The purpose of this study is to determine the differences of the effectiveness of coconut water in the dwarf variety from highlands and lowlands on fibroblast cell viability. Coconut water from each habitat was picked randomly. Samples were divided into five groups. Group 1 was the media control, group 2 was the cell control, group 3 was HBSS, group 4 was the coconut water from highlands, and group 5 was the coconut water from lowlands. To determine the BHK-21 fibroblast cell viability after 4 hours of submerging, MTT assay was used. The absorbance was read by ELISA reader with wavelength 620nm. The results were analyzed using One-way ANOVA with α=0.05. There are significant differences in each group. Coconut water from highlands has cell viability percentage of 8%, while the coconut water from lowlands has 54%. Based on the CD50% parameter, coconut water from the lowlands is more effective than coconut water from the highlands. The coconut water in the dwarf variety from the lowlands is more effective than the coconut water from the highlands towards BHK-21 fibroblast cell viability for 4 hours.
We found the presence of protein in children's toothpaste. The protein molecular weight of recaldent paste is 17.7 kDa. Toothpaste containing protein with its molecular weight similar to recaldent's are found in samples 5 and 6.
Traditional herbal remedies are naturally occurring, plant-derived substances with limited to no chemical processing and have been used in local or national healing traditions to treat illness. In global health debates, traditional herbal medicines are gaining considerable attention. Many hope new research into herbal medicine will play a vital role in global health. Countries like China, India, Nigeria, USA, and also the World Health Organization (WHO) made large investments in ancient herbal medicines. Currently, the use of the Indonesian plant has dramatically improved the medical and dentistry field. The dental and oral care is often related to wounds, and the Ambonese banana stem has been proven as an effective treatment for these injuries. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of the Ambonese banana stem sap through cytotoxicity tests on the fibroblast cell culture of Baby Hamster Kidney-21 (BHK-21). This study was carried out on three BHK-21 fibroblast cell culture, namely, the media and cell control, and the Ambonese banana stem sap with a concentration of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60 %, 70%, 80%, 90%, and 100% incubated for 24 hours at 37ºC and 5% CO2. Then, MTT was evenly dispersed on the media to obtain accurate optical density value. All quantitative data were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD Test. The result showed significant differences in optical density values between groups with p = 0.000 (p 0.05). There was no significant difference between the cell control and the Ambonese banana stem sap group with concentrations of 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 30%, 20%, and 10%. It was also observed that the Ambonese banana stem sap is nontoxic to fibroblast cells since its viability value was more than 60%.
The use of herbal medicine has already been started since ancient time. According to Hembing, a consumption of Gynura segetum (Lour.) Merr.) stew water can be used to eliminate joint pain. The purpose of this study is to prove the analgesic effect of infusum Gynura segetum (Lour.) Merr.). The subject were thirty male mice and divided into five groups which consist six mice in each group. Group I was the control group which was treated with 0,01ml/g b.w aquadestilata, group II was treated with infusum of Gynura segetum (Lour.) Merr.) 5 % 0,01 ml/g b.w., group III was treated with infusum of Gynura segetum (Lour.) Merr.) 10 % 0,01 ml/g b.w, group IV was treated with infusum of Gynura segetum (Lour.) Merr.) 20 % 0,01 ml/g b.w. and group V was treated with Metampiron peroral 0,01 ml/g b.w. Thirty minutes later all mice of all groups were injected with 10 ml/g b.w. of acetic acid intraperitoneally to induced pain sensation. Five minutes later the writing reflexes as the pain response demonstrated by the mice of different groups were calculated and analysed using ANOVA and LSD test. The result showed that infusum Gynura segetum (Lour.) Merr.) in 5%, 10%, 20% concentration could obstruct pain response on mice which inducted with acetic acid, the 20% concentration is the most effective dosage and have an analgesic effects equal with metampiron.
Water contamination has negative effects on people's quality of life and the environment in recent decades as a result of increased agricultural and industrial activities. Using new advanced nanomaterials can be helpful for the removal of water contamination. In this study, novel hydroxyapatite/zinc Oxide nanocomposites was prepared via a simple ci-precipitation route. Hydroxyapatite has been known as a biocompatible nanomaterial. Prepared samples were analyzed via X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. It was found that hydroxyapatite/zinc Oxide nanocomposites can be provided as an attractive candidate for photocatalytic degradation of azo dyes. The prepared Hydroxyapatite/Zinc Oxide nanocomposites were utilized as a photocatalyst for degradation of methylene blue and acid blue 92. Results showed that prepared hydroxyapatite/zinc Oxide nanocomposites can be degraded 87% and 98% of rhodamine B and methylene blue under UV irradiation respectively. It was observed that hydroxyapatite improve the photocatalytic activity of zinc oxide.
Introduction : Blood clotting disturbance or excessive bleeding after tooth extraction, periodontal and implant surgery may affect to delayed of wound healing.Recently have been developed the use of PDGF and BMP growth factors therapy to accelerate wound healing such as in periodontal disease and implant placement, but the use of that material are very expensive. Ambon banana stem sap has been commonly used to accelerate wound healing and dental pain. Purpose : The purpose of this study was to elucidate the mechanism of wound healing after tooth extraction has given extract of ambon banana stem sap topically to the expression of PDGF-BB, BMP-4, BMP-7 as a mediator that plays a role in initiating the healing of the socket aveolar on fibroblast, osteoblast and osteoclast Methods : We have used the post-test only control-group design with several stages like phytochemistry screening, biocompatibility, stability of the drug in the form of gel, and the examination of the alveolar socket healing through immunohistochemical method to expression of PDGF-BB, BMP-4, BMP-7, and HE staining of fibroblast, osteoblast and osteoclast on 105 male rats devided to 5 groups. Tooth has extracted on right incisor of mandible and applicated topically to the socket that is 15 mg dose of ambon banana stem sap extract, 30 mg, 60 mg, gelatin sponge of hemostatic local as size 1X0,2x0,2 cm, and control group was given 4% HPMC. Immediately after surgery, the gingival tissues were sutured with monofilament, and irrigated by sterile distilled water every day. The animals were sacrificed 2, 7, and 14 days after tooth extraction by ether. The data were tabulated and analyzed statistically Result : The results showed that the active compounds of ambon banana stem sap contained saponin, flavonoids, tannins, anthraquinones and lectins. Biocompatibility test showed that the ambon banana stem sap at 10-100% concentrate was not toxic to cultured fibroblast. Ambon banana stem sap extract increase the expression of PDGF-BB, BMP-4 and BMP-7 depend of dose than 4% HPMC and gelatin sponge at 2, 7 and 14 days. The result of HE staining showed an increasing of fibroblast and osteoblast commencing at 2, 7 and 14 days, but showed inhibition to osteoclasts. There was dose relationship to PDGF-BB, BMP-4 and BMP-7 expression. The conclusion of this study : The conclusion of this study that the ambon banana stem sap extract could increase the expression of growth factors that play a role in initiating the wound healing of the socket aveolar by PDGF-BB, BMP-4 and BMP-7 expression indicator as biomarker in fibroblast, osteoblast and osteoclast cells. The optimal dose to accelerate the alveolar socket healing is 30 mg.
Background: DMF-T/deft (Decay Missing Filled Teeth) is an index for assessing dental and oral health status, in this case, dental caries. Dental caries is a multifactorial disease with factors namely teeth and saliva, microorganisms, dietary, and time that affecting each other. Human Beta Defensins-1 (HBD-1) is an Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs) that has a role as an adaptive immune system in oral health, is a factor that affects the susceptibility and development of dental caries that exhibits activity in Streptococcus mutans bacteria. Objective: To prove the relationship between DMF-T/deft and the levels of HBD-1 saliva secretion in the carious and non-carious groups of children. Method: This study was an observational analytic with cross-sectional study design, with the division of 3 groups namely; group 1 (DMF-T/deft = 0, caries-free), group 2 (DMF-T/deft = 1-3, low caries), and group 3 (DMF-T/deft > 6, high caries). Result: DMF-T/deft index (1,000) obtained HBD-1 concentration (-0.451). Low DMF-T/deft index has high HBD-1 concentration, whereas high DMF-T/deft index has low HBD-1 concentration. The value of p < (0.05) showed there was a significant correlation between the DMF-T/deft index with salivary HBD-1 concentrations. Conclusion: There was a relationship between DMF-T/deft and the level of HBD-1 saliva secretion in the carious and non-carious groups of children.
Infeksi cacing dapat menyebabkan penurunan produktifitas ternak, yang dapat berupa penurunan bobot badan, produksi susu, hambatan pertumbuhan, penurunan imunitas terhadap penyakit, bahkan kematian. Penelitian penyakit cacing pada kambing Boer bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat infeksi Nematodiasis dan Trematodiasis pada kambing dengan berbagai tingkatan umur, kelompok umur muda dan dewasa. Metode penelitian berupa survey dengan teknik pengambilan sampel;sampling by the judgment. Analisis data dengan kajian prevalensi dan analisis Chi Square (X2).Pemeriksaan telur cacing dalam feses dengan metode sentrifus. Hasil pemeriksaan pada 30 sampel feses Kambing Boer menunjukkan 93,33% terinfeksi Nematoda dan 13,33% terinfeksi Trematoda. Tingkat infeksi Nematoda dan Trematoda tidak ada perbedaan bermakna antara dua kelompok tersebut.Tingkat Trematodiasis yang rendah pada ternak kambing Boer menunjukkan bahwa kambing Boer di Kabupaten Banyumas tersebut tahan terhadap infeksi cacing Trematoda. Kata kunci : tingkat infeksi, cacing, kambing Boer
Background: Banana sap contain saponin, anthraquinone and quinone that function as antibiotic, relief of pain, and anti inflammation. Purpose: The aim of the present study is to find out the activity of Ambon banana hump sap (Musa paradisiaca var sapientum (L.) Kunt) to relief of pain in the mice that were induced by acetic acid. Methods: The 42 mice were divided into six groups, they are control group and five groups were gave Ambon banana hump sap (Musa paradisiaca var sapientum (L.) Kunt) in different concentrations (6,25%, 12,5%, 25%, 50% and 100%). Each of groups were induced by acetic acid, after five minute the number of writhes in a set period, such as 30 minute, were counted and noted. Result: The mean of writhes in five groups were gave Ambon banana hump sap (Musa paradisiaca var sapientum (L.) Kunt) is lower than control group. Conclusion: The Ambon banana hump sap (Musa paradisiaca var sapientum (L.) Kunt) have analgesic effect and the optimal concentration of this analgesic effect is found at 12,5% concentration.
size, chemical properties, and biocompatibility, all of which encourage cell migration and ingrowth.
<ns4:p><ns4:bold>Background:</ns4:bold> The COVID-19 pandemic has grown to be a serious issue on a global scale. Dental care is one of the industries affected by COVID-19. The surveillance utilizing lifetime data, however, is still not clear. The purpose of this study was to use Google Trends (GT) analysis to examine symptom trends and challenges during the COVID-19 outbreak in Indonesia.</ns4:p><ns4:p> <ns4:bold>Methods:</ns4:bold> Covid-19 cases retrieve from Our World in Data. The cases were collected between 1 April 2021-30 September 2021. The GT was used to discover Indonesian relative search volume (RSVs) covering the timeframe of the first outbreak covid-19 pandemic in Indonesia on 1 March 2020 until 13 February 2022. The duration of the search was chosen to reflect the relative popularity of the keywords "symptoms and dentistry practice challenge-related terms" and "coronavirus". <ns4:bold>Results:</ns4:bold> We observed that there was a significant and positive correlation between the COVID-19 daily case using GT RSV data and the COVID-19 case from Our World in Data. The COVID-19 daily case had a strong correlation with search terms related to symptoms (such as fever, sore throat, flu, toothache, and cough), drugs (such as ibuprofen, paracetamol, demacolin, bodrex, and antibiotic), and health management (such as self-isolation and telemedicine).</ns4:p><ns4:p> <ns4:bold>Conclusion:</ns4:bold> Using GT may be helpful to observe the current symptoms trends as well as its challenge tendencies as a surveillance tool for a continuing pandemic like COVID-19. GT should be considered and used as it has the potential to be a powerful digital epidemiology tool that can provide more insight into disease dynamics.</ns4:p>
<ns4:p><ns4:bold>Background:</ns4:bold> The COVID-19 pandemic has grown to be a serious issue on a global scale. Dental care is one of the industries affected by COVID-19. The surveillance utilizing lifetime data, however, is still not clear. The purpose of this study was to use Google Trends (GT) analysis to examine symptom trends and challenges during the COVID-19 outbreak in Indonesia.</ns4:p><ns4:p> <ns4:bold>Methods:</ns4:bold> Covid-19 cases retrieve from Our World in Data. The cases were collected between 1 April 2021-30 September 2021. The GT was used to discover Indonesian relative search volume (RSVs) covering the timeframe of the first outbreak covid-19 pandemic in Indonesia on 1 March 2020 until 13 February 2022. The duration of the search was chosen to reflect the relative popularity of the keywords "symptoms and dentistry practice challenge-related terms" and "coronavirus". <ns4:bold>Results:</ns4:bold> We observed that there was a significant and positive correlation between the COVID-19 daily case using GT RSV data and the COVID-19 case from Our World in Data. The COVID-19 daily case had a strong correlation with search terms related to symptoms (such as fever, sore throat, flu, toothache, and cough), drugs (such as ibuprofen, paracetamol, demacolin, bodrex, and antibiotic), and health management (such as self-isolation and telemedicine).</ns4:p><ns4:p> <ns4:bold>Conclusion:</ns4:bold> Using GT may be helpful to observe the current symptoms trends as well as its challenge tendencies as a surveillance tool for a continuing pandemic like COVID-19. GT should be considered and used as it has the potential to be a powerful digital epidemiology tool that can provide more insight into disease dynamics.</ns4:p>
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic is a worldwide epidemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, initially detected in Wuhan City, Hubei, China in December 2019. This presents an unparalleled difficulty in identifying efficacious medications for treatment. Despite numerous clinical trials employing various medicines, there remains a dearth of targeted therapies for COVID-19. The progression of COVID-19 clinical symptoms, for example a severe pneumonia, arespiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and multiorgan failure, is a result of an exaggerated immune response characterized by increased inflammation, oxidation, and cytokine storm. Presently, coffee beans contain caffeine, which is a highly consumed chemical. Caffeine exerts beneficial benefits on the human body, influencing multiple systems such as the immunological system, central nervous system, digestive system, and respiratory system. The impact of caffeine is contingent upon the quantity and composition of the product in which it is present. Objective: Analyze the potential of caffeine as an immunomodulator in COVID-19 sufferers. Discussion: Caffeine functions as an agonist of TAS2R receptors and an antagonist of adenosine receptors. The immunomodulatory properties of caffeine can assist in diminishing the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection by stimulating adenylyl cyclase, which converts ATP into cAMP. The heightened level of cAMP stimulates the intiation of protein kinase A (PKA), which subsequently suppresses the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, caffeine has the ability to suppress the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), hence reducing the unleash of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Conclusion: Caffeine provides health benefits with its immunomodulating properties to COVID-19 patients and can be regarded as a supplementary treatment in patients with COVID-19.
Terletak di tiga lempeng tektonik besar yang bertemu, yaitu lempeng Indo-Australia, lempeng Eurasia, dan lempeng Pasifik, Indonesia merupakan salah satu negara yang paling rawan bencana alam. Negara kita telah mengalami banyak bencana alam, beberapa di antaranya tercatat sebagai bencana alam yang paling merusak dengan kekuatan besar. Gigi merupakan bagian dari identitas seseorang yang dapat terekam dan teridentifikasi jika menjadi korban kecelakaan transportasi atau bencana alam karena gigi merupakan bagian dari tubuh manusia yang dapat bertahan hidup meskipun tubuhnya rusak akibat kebakaran atau pembusukan. Dengan adanya dental record atau rekam gigi, identifikasi seseorang dapat dilakukan jauh lebih cepat dan akurat. Oleh karena itu, setiap keluarga diharapkan memiliki rekam gigi sebagai identitas untuk identifikasi jika diperlukan. Tujuan program ini adalah melatih masyarakat agar mampu membuat dental record keluarga secara mandiri, yang dapat dipergunakan sebagai data ante-mortem. Kami memperkenalkan metode sederhana untuk membina masyarakat pedesaan di Kecamatan Trawas, Jawa Timur, dengan harapan mereka mampu merekam struktur rongga mulut keluarganya secara mandiri. Dengan menggunakan model gigi, 50 subyek belajar tentang anatomi gigi, perubahan struktur gigi, dan diproyeksikan ke lembaran odontogram sederhana. Kami juga mengadakan pretest dan post-test untuk melihat kemajuan setelah pelatihan. Setelah beberapa sesi pelatihan intensif, post-test menunjukkan peningkatan pengetahuan subyek yang ditunjukkan dengan peningkatan skor post-test sebesar 96,56%. Bagaimanapun juga, ini adalah proyek pendahuluan yang harus diikuti dengan pendampingan berkelanjutan.
Ginger is a herb that can be used as an alternative medicine because it has anti-bacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antifungal properties. This study aims to identify the potency of red ginger ethanol extract against Candida albicans protein by using in silico and in vitro approaches. Several ginger-derived compounds were obtained from PubChem, while the target protein 4J14 was obtained from the Protein Data Bank (PDB) database. Prediction of Activity Spectra for Substances (PASS) Online was used to predict each compound’s biological function. Before molecular docking analysis, the 3D ligand site web server determined the binding site coordinates. PyRx was then used to perform molecular docking analysis on ginger compounds and the target protein 4J14, with fluconazole and posaconazole serving as controls. Additional analysis was used to identify amino acid residues in the complexes. The Chimera software was employed to describe protein compound complexes. The inhibitory zones of red ginger and fluconazole on fungal growth were determined in vitro. The molecular docking results showed that gamma-sitosterol had a more negative binding affinity (−9.6 kcal/mol) than fluconazole (−8.7 kcal/mol). Moreover, it affected the biological response of the target protein 4J14 or cytochrome 450, which is an essential protein in the fungal infection process. In vitro tests proved that a red ginger extract concentration of 15 mg/mL had antifungal potential. In silico and in vitro studies revealed that red ginger extract has the potential to be an antifungal agent. HIGHLIGHTS Since there have been numerous studies on the content of red ginger compounds with essential oils that have been shown to have antifungal potential, the fractionation approach was used to extract active compounds in red ginger that are devoid of essential oils in order to determine the antifungal potential The biological response of cytochrome 450, also known as target protein 4J14, is impacted by gamma-sitosterol. This protein is crucial for the mechanisms involved in fungal infection An extract from red ginger exhibited the same antifungal potential as fluconazole, according to in vitro experiments GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Abstract Scaffolds are 3D biomaterials that provide an environment for cell regeneration. In the context of bone remodeling, poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL) combined with graphene has been developed as the scaffold. It is imperative for scaffolds to possess antibacterial properties in order to properly reduce the risk of potential infections.Therefore, this study aims to analyze the antibacterial characteristics of PCL/graphene scaffolds against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) in vitro. In this study, five different groups were used, including PCL (K-), Amoxicillin (K+), PCL/Graphene 0.5 wt%, PCL/graphene 1 wt% and PCL/Graphene 1.5 wt%. All experiments were performed in triplicates and were repeated three times, and the diffusion method by Kirby-Bauer test was used. The disc was incubated with S. aureus and P. gingivalis for 24 hours and then the diameter of the inhibition zone was measured. The results showed that the PCL/graphene scaffolds exhibited dose-dependent antibacterial activity against S. aureus and P. gingivalis. The inhibition zone diameter (IZD) against S. aureus of PCL/graphene 1 wt% was 9.53 ± 0.74 mm, and increased to 11.93 ± 0.92 mm at a concentration of 1.5 wt% of graphene. The PCL/graphene scaffold with 1.5 wt% exhibited a greater inhibitory effect, with an IZD of 12.56 ± 0.06 mm against P. gingivalis, while the inhibitory activity of the 1 wt% variant was relatively lower at 10.46 ± 0.24 mm. The negative control, PCL, and PCL/graphene 0.5 wt% exhibited no antibacterial activity sequentially (p = 1). Scaffolds of poly(e-caprolactone)/graphene exhibited an antibacterial activity at 1, and 1.5 wt% on S. aureus and P. gingivalis. The antibacterial properties of this scaffold make it a promising candidate for regenerating bone tissue.
Background/aim: The aim of this research is to investigate the potential beneficial effects of Yemen Sidr honey on human gingival fibroblast and osteoblast cell viability and proliferation. Materials and methods: MTT assays were conducted, and the cells were analyzed using an ELISA reader at 590nm. Cell viability was determined based on the optical density readings. Results: At a lower concentration 5μL, the fibroblast and osteoblast cells exhibited a cell viability percentage of over 50%. Conclusion: Yemen Sidr honey is biocompatible and non-toxic to the cultured fibroblast and osteoblast cells.
<ns4:p>Background Dental caries is a common chronic oral disease, posing a serious public health issue. By analyzing large datasets, machine learning shows potential in addressing this problem. This study employs bibliometric analysis to explore emerging topics, collaborations, key authors, and research trends in Southeast Asia related to the application of machine learning in dental caries management. Methods A comprehensive selection using the Scopus database to obtain relevant research, covering publications from inception to July 2024 was done. We employed the Bibliometric approaches, including co-authorship networks, yearly publishing trends, institutional and national partnerships, keyword co-occurrence analysis, and citation analysis, for the collected data. To explore the visualization and network analysis, we employed the tools such as VOSviewer and Bibliometrix in R package. Results The final bibliometric analysis included 246 papers. We found that Malaysia became the top contributor with 59 publications, followed by Indonesia (37) and Thailand (29). Malaysia had the highest Multiple Country Publications (MCP) ratio at 0.407. Top institutions including the Universiti Sains Malaysia led with 39 articles, followed by Chiang Mai University (36) and the National University of Singapore (30) became the leader. Co-authorship analysis using VOSviewer revealed six distinct clusters. A total of 1220 scholars contributed to these publications. The top 10 keywords, including ‘human’ and ‘dental caries,’ indicated research hotspots. Conclusion We found growing evidence of machine learning applications to address dental caries in Southeast Asia. The bibliometric analysis highlights key authors, collaborative networks, and emerging topics, revealing research trends since 2014. This study underscores the importance of bibliometric analysis in tackling this public health issue.</ns4:p>
Abstract Periodontitis is a common chronic inflammatory disease characterized by alveolar bone loss. The high polyphenol content in cocoa pod husk (Theobroma cacao L) has the potential to influence bone metabolism and contribute to the inhibition of bone resorption. The aim of this study was to analyze the anti-osteoclastogenesis potential of cocoa pod husk (Theobroma cacao L.) in both in silico and in vivo study. An analysis of the anti-osteoclastogenesis potential of T. cacao bioactive compounds was conducted using molecular docking simulations. Thirty male Wistar rats (Rattus novergicus) were randomly assigned to control negative groups (placebo gel), control positive groups (2% doxycycline gel), and treatment groups (10% cocoa pod husk (CPH) extract gel), with measurements taken on days 7 and 14. Wistar rats were induced with 0.05 ml of P. gingivalis at a concentration of 2x109 CFU/ml intrasulcularly in the maxillary molar to achieved in periodontitis. The number of osteoclasts was observed by hematoxylin and eosin staining, the level of TNF-α was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the expression of RANKL was evaluated by immunohistochemical staining. Data were analyzed using One-way ANOVA to examine the differences between the groups. The in silico study showed that the catechin, epicatechin, quercetin, and procyanidin B2 had a strong binding affinity for TNF-α and RANKL. Administration of 10% CPH reduced the number of osteoclasts (p<0.05), TNF-α level on days 7 and 14 (p<0.05), and RANKL expression on day 7 (p<0.05) in experimental rats with periodontitis. Administering 10% CPH inhibited osteoclastogenesis in the experimental periodontitis rats.
<ns4:p>Background The interaction between Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and Veillonella species (Veillonella spp.) is unclear. This study aims to investigate the interaction between S. mutans and Veillonella spp. on caries development using systematic review. Methods This systematic review was accorded to the guideline of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Three electronic databases, namely PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane library, were used to conduct a systematic search for eligible studies from their inception until July 18, 2023. PROSPERO registration number was No. CRD42023445968. Results We initially identified 4,774 articles. After eliminating duplicates and irrelevant articles, 11 studies met the inclusion criteria. The studies revealed important aspects of the relationship between S. mutans and Veillonella spp. in dental caries. One significant finding is that Veillonella spp. can affect the acid production capacity of S. mutans. Some studies indicate that Veillonella spp. can inhibit the acid production by S. mutans, potentially reducing the cariogenic process. Another aspect is the competition for substrates. Veillonella spp. utilize lactic acid, which is a by product of S. mutans metabolism, as a source of carbon. This metabolic interaction may decrease the availability of lactic acid for S. mutans, potentially influencing its cariogenic potential. Conclusions This systematic review highlights the emerging evidence on the interaction between S. mutans and Veillonella spp. in dental caries. The findings suggest that Veillonella spp. can modulate the acid production, and substrate competition of S. mutans, potentially influencing the cariogenic process.</ns4:p>
Periodontal disease if left untreated may result in tooth loss. Implants are a form of rehabilitative therapy for tooth replacement. However, implants are quite expensive in Indonesia. Therefore, there is the need for an alternative dental implant biomaterial with biocompatible properties that can effectively promote osseointegration. One of such material is polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), which is widely used by orthopedic surgeons as implants. However, PMMA lacks the bioactivity necessary for effective osseointegration. Unlike PMMA, hydroxyapatite (HA) offers better osteoconductive, bioactive, and biocompatible properties. HA can be derived from limestone (CaCO3) through processing at Balai Besar Keramik (BBK) or from bovine bone following the Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP). This study aimed to evaluate the osteogenic potential of PMMA-HA implants by analyzing osteocalcin (OCN) and osteopontin (OPN) expression in a rat bone model. Rats were divided into six groups. Then PMMA-HA (GMP) and PMMA-HA (BBK) were implanted into the femurs of the rats at a ratio of 83.8:16.2. Immunohistochemical assays were conducted on days 7 and 14 to assesses OCN and OPN expression levels. Both PMMA-HA (BBK) and PMMA-HA (GMP) treatment groups demonstrated significantly higher expression of OCN and OPN compared to the control group (p < 0.05). These findings indicate that PMMA-HA implants effectively promote osteoblast differentiation, as evidenced by elevated levels of OCN and OPN, which are crucial for bone formation.
Background/Aim: To demonstrate the antibacterial impact of Sidr honey on Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Fusobacterium nucleatum bacteria as major periodontopathogens which are responsible for causing periodontitis. Materials and Methods: Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration values are calculated using the serial dilution method, and the measurement of the inhibition zone was conducted using the diffusion method on the Mueller Hinton agar medium. Results: According to the study, there are significant differences between the number of bacterial colony groups that develop against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Fusobacterium nucleatum bacteria on the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (12.5%) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration(25%) of Yemen Sidr honey with p-value = 0.000. Similarly, the disc diffusion method for Yemeni honey against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatumbacteria showed significant differences with a p-value (0.000). Conclusion: According to the findings of the study, Yemen Sidr honey revealed its antibacterial effect in inhibiting and preventing the growth of bacteria causing periodontitis.
<ns3:p>Introduction Traumatic ulcers are among the most prevalent injuries with a reported incidence of up to 95%. This study aims to evaluate Stem Cells from Human Exfoliated Deciduous Teeth Spent Medium (SHED-SM) nanoemulgel on the cytotoxicity of NIH-3T3 and buccal mucosal ulcer wounds. Materials and methods The cytotoxicity test of SHED-SM was analyzed on NIH-3T3 fibroblast cells using MTT. Thirty male Wistar rats, 2-3 months, were used as experimental subjects. Traumatic ulcer models were created by excising the right buccal mucosa with a 3 mm punch biopsy. Subjects were divided into 2 groups @15 rats for the treatment (SHED-SM) and control. The gel was applied on the surface once a day for 4 days. Evaluation was conducted on days 1, 3, 5, 7, and 14. Hematoxylin Eosin (HE) and immunohistochemical were stained to evaluate a number of neutrophils and the expression of COX-2, VEGF, and Col-1. Results The ANOVA results showed significant differences in the cytotoxicity test, the number of neutrophils, and the expression of COX-2, Col-1, and VEGF. The number of neutrophils and the expression of COX-2, Col-1, and VEGF were higher in the treatment group compared to the control. Conclusion SHED-SM demonstrates potential to accelerate the healing of traumatic buccal mucosal ulcers.</ns3:p>
Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the effects of incorporating varying concentrations of graphene (0.5, 1.5, and 2.5 wt%) into polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds on mineralization and hydroxyapatite formation for bone tissue engineering applications. PCL scaffolds were fabricated with three different graphene concentrations: 0.5, 1.5, and 2.5 wt%. The scaffolds underwent characterization using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to assess chemical composition and mineralization. Radiological imaging was employed to evaluate structural integrity and mineral density over a 21-day period. Additionally, histology analysis was performed to assess cellular interactions and scaffold integration. FTIR analysis on day 7 indicated early mineralization across all scaffolds, evidenced by phosphate (∼1030 cm−1) and hydroxyl (∼3500 cm−1) peaks, suggesting initial hydroxyapatite deposition. By day 21, the 2.5 wt% graphene scaffold demonstrated the highest degree of mineralization, with significantly increased hydroxyapatite formation compared with the other groups. However, this scaffold also exhibited signs of degradation, implying that higher graphene concentrations might compromise long-term scaffold stability. The 1.5 wt% graphene scaffold showed consistent mineralization and favorable osteoconductivity but did not reach the mineral deposition levels observed in the 2.5 wt% group. Incorporating graphene into PCL scaffolds enhances mineralization and hydroxyapatite formation, with the 2.5 wt% concentration achieving the most substantial effects. The 2.5 wt% graphene scaffold presents a balanced alternative, promoting steady mineralization and maintaining structural integrity, making it a promising candidate for bone tissue engineering applications.
<ns3:p>Background Sleep-related conditions such as obstructive sleep apnea and bruxism significantly affect both oral and systemic health, posing substantial public health challenges. Growing scholarly interest in sleep dentistry reflects an emerging effort to address these conditions through multidisciplinary research. This study employs bibliometric analysis to examine emerging themes, collaborative patterns, influential authors, and research trajectories related to sleep dentistry in Asia. Methods A comprehensive search was conducted using the Scopus database to identify relevant publications from inception through April 2025. Bibliometric techniques were applied to analyze co-authorship networks, annual publication trends, institutional and international collaborations, keyword co-occurrence, and citation metrics. VOSviewer and the Bibliometrix package in R were utilized for data visualization and network mapping. Results The analysis included 1,237 publications. China was the leading contributor, followed by the United States and India. The United Kingdom exhibited the highest ratio of Multiple Country Publications, followed by Australia and Canada. Tehran University of Medical Sciences emerged as the most productive institution, followed by the All India Institute of Medical Sciences and Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. Co-authorship analysis revealed six distinct collaborative clusters, with a total of 5,828 scholars contributing to the field. Conclusion A substantial and growing body of research on sleep dentistry has emerged in Asia. The bibliometric findings highlight influential contributors, international cooperation, and key research themes particularly obstructive sleep apnea and bruxism underscoring the value of bibliometric methods in shaping responses to this pressing regional public health concern.</ns3:p>
Pork is strictly forbidden for consumption by the Muslim population. According to the Quran, the consumption is strictly prohibited, even in trace amounts or minimal concentrations. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the sensitivity of ELISA to detect porcine in food. We used six types of pork-containing food samples: raw pork meat, grilled pork skewers, pork oil, pork fat, pork fried rice, and pork meatballs. To ensure sensitivity and reproducibility, each sample was tested in duplicate using undiluted, 10x, and 100x dilutions. Samples were evaluated using spectrometry at an absorbance wavelength of 450 nm. As a result, porcine antigen was detected in raw pork meat, grilled pork skewers, and pork meatballs at OD values > 0.07 (1.012; 1.1266; 0.8166) respectively. In pork meatballs, the presence of porcine antigen at high dilutions was inconsistently observed. Moreover, porcine antigen was not detected in pork oil, pork lard, pork fried rice, or beef soup even in undiluted samples at OD value < 0.07. This study successfully detected the presence of porcine antigens, however, its application is currently limited to meat products. Detection was also less sensitive when applied to processed food. Porcine protein was not detectable in oil and lard samples, nor in processed pork meat products at higher dilutions.
<ns3:p>Introduction Traumatic ulcers are among the most prevalent injuries with a reported incidence of up to 95%. This study aims to evaluate Stem Cells from Human Exfoliated Deciduous Teeth Spent Medium (SHED-SM) nanoemulgel on the viability cells of NIH-3T3 and buccal mucosal ulcer wounds. Materials and methods The viability cells test of SHED-SM was analyzed on NIH-3T3 fibroblast cells using MTT. Thirty male Wistar rats, 2-3 months, were used as experimental subjects. Traumatic ulcer models were created by excising the right buccal mucosa with a 3 mm punch biopsy. Subjects were divided into 2 groups @15 rats for the treatment (SHED-SM) and control. The gel was applied on the surface once a day for 4 days. Evaluation was conducted on days 1, 3, 5, 7, and 14. Hematoxylin Eosin (HE) and immunohistochemical were stained to evaluate a number of neutrophils and the expression of COX-2, VEGF, and Col-1. Results The one-way ANOVA results showed significant differences in the viability test, the number of neutrophils, and the expression of COX-2, Col-1, and VEGF. The number of neutrophils and the expression of COX-2, Col-1, and VEGF were higher in the treatment group compared to the control. Conclusion SHED-SM demonstrates potential to accelerate the healing of traumatic buccal mucosal ulcers.</ns3:p>
<ns3:p>Background Sleep-related conditions such as obstructive sleep apnea and bruxism significantly affect both oral and systemic health, posing substantial public health challenges. Growing scholarly interest in sleep dentistry reflects an emerging effort to address these conditions through multidisciplinary research. This study employs bibliometric analysis to examine emerging themes, collaborative patterns, influential authors, and research trajectories related to sleep dentistry in Asia. Methods A comprehensive search was conducted using the Scopus database to identify relevant publications from inception through April 2025. Bibliometric techniques were applied to analyze co-authorship networks, annual publication trends, institutional and international collaborations, keyword co-occurrence, and citation metrics. VOSviewer and the Bibliometrix package in R were utilized for data visualization and network mapping. Results The analysis included 1,237 publications. China was the leading contributor, followed by the United States and India. The United Kingdom exhibited the highest ratio of Multiple Country Publications, followed by Australia and Canada. Tehran University of Medical Sciences emerged as the most productive institution, followed by the All India Institute of Medical Sciences and Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. Co-authorship analysis revealed six distinct collaborative clusters, with a total of 5,828 scholars contributing to the field. Conclusion A substantial and growing body of research on sleep dentistry has emerged in Asia. The bibliometric findings highlight influential contributors, international cooperation, and key research themes particularly obstructive sleep apnea and bruxism underscoring the value of bibliometric methods in shaping responses to this pressing regional public health concern.</ns3:p>
