Introduction Online psychotherapy is a form of work that is becoming more and more popular. Public health problems, such as COVID-19, forced mental health professionals and patients to incorporate new methodologies such as the use of electronic media and internet to provide follow-up, treatment and also supervision. The aim of this study was to investigate which factors shape the therapists’ attitudes toward online psychotherapy during a pandemic taking into account: (1) attitudes toward the COVID-19 pandemic (fear of contagion, pandemic fatigue, etc.), (2) personal characteristics of the psychotherapists (age, gender, feeling of efficacy, anxiety, depression, etc.), and (3) characteristics of the psychotherapeutic practice (guideline procedure, client age group, professional experience, etc). Materials and methods Study participants were 177 psychotherapists from four European countries: Poland ( n = 48), Germany ( n = 44), Sweden ( n = 49), and Portugal ( n = 36). Data were collected by means of an individual online survey through the original questionnaire and the standardized scales: a modified version of the Attitudes toward Psychological Online Interventions Scale (APOI), Fear of Contagion by COVID-19 Scale (FCS COVID-19), Pandemic Fatigue Scale (PFS), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Social Support Questionnaire (F-SozU K-14), and the Sense of Efficiency Test (SET). Results Determinants that impacted psychotherapists’ attitudes toward online therapy were: COVID-19 belief in prevention—keeping distance and hand disinfection, pandemic behavioral fatigue, previous online therapy experience (including voice call), working with youth and adults. Our study showed that belief in the sense of prevention in the form of taking care of hand disinfection before the session, pandemic behavioral fatigue and experience in working with adults were significant predictors of negative attitudes of therapists toward online psychological interventions. On the other hand, belief in the sense of prevention in the form of keeping distance during the session had a positive effect on general attitudes toward therapy conducted via the internet. Discussion The online therapy boom during the COVID-19 pandemic has spawned a powerful tool for psychotherapists. More research in this area and training of psychotherapists are needed for online psychological interventions to become an effective therapy format that is accepted by patients and therapists alike.
Abstract The field experiment was conducted to explore in what ways CO 2 labeling impacts customers' product selection. The objective of this study is the connection between eco‐labeling and the number of sales (customers' purchasing choices) made regardless of the price determinant. We performed a controlled investigation within 2 weeks, adding a CO 2 label to the meals during the second week. The labeling icon showed the lifecycle emissions as a number and had a three‐level, high‐medium‐low graphical signal. The difference in sales between the 2 weeks was analyzed via chi‐squared and student t ‐tests. There was a significant shift from meals associated with high CO 2 emissions toward meals associated with lower CO 2 quantity (chi‐square test, p = 0.001). There was likewise a significant 6% decrease in CO 2 equivalent emissions per weight unit of purchased meals. As the shares of plant, meat, and fish‐based meals were similar for Week 1 and 2, the label was not potent enough to convince customers to change their diet styles. The reduction of CO 2 emissions was achieved mainly through shifts in the direction of lower‐emitting meat and fish dishes. The obtained results depict that consumers pay attention to labeling while making purchasing choices, which has implications for marketing practice. The study implies that customers tend to select products with a lower environmental impact over others.
Abstract A mix of guidance and mandated regulations during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic served to reduce the number of social contacts, to ensure distancing in public spaces, and to maintain the isolation of infected individuals. Individual variation in compliance to social distancing in Germany, relating to age, gender, or the presence of pre-existing health conditions, was examined using results from a total of 39 375 respondents to a web-based behavioral survey. Older people and females were more willing to engage in social distancing. Those with chronic conditions showed overall higher levels of compliance, but those with cystic fibrosis, human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS), and epilepsy showed less adherence to general social distancing measures but were significantly more likely to isolate in their homes. Behavioral differences partly lie in the nature of each condition, especially with those conditions likely to be exacerbated by COVID-19. Compliance differences for age and gender are largely in line with previous studies.
Abstract As the food industry accounts for more than one-third of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, it is one of the largest contributors to climate change. Strategies for reducing CO2e (equivalent) emissions must be implemented to regulate the impact the food systems have on the climate. Environmental communication using climate labels and sharing information on carbon footprints can help reduce GHGs emissions from restaurant purchases on a systemic scale. The aim is to gain insights and study how a carbon label influences the concept of a climate-friendly restaurant and its capacity to bridge the gap between knowledge, awareness, and action. What are the motivations for restaurant employees to adopt climate-friendly behavior? How does the label’s use influence restaurants’ decision to track their carbon footprint over time, communicate the carbon footprint of dishes, and adapt menus to be more climate-friendly? The data were collected with semi-structured interviews with video communication with three restaurant chains, all using labels. The data collected via the interviews were examined using an inductive thematic analysis to identify key themes. The transcending transmission approach to communication was used to gain insights into instrumental and constitutive communication dynamics. As the theoretical framework, ‘symbolic interactionism’ helps untangle constitutive aspects of environmental communication surrounding climate labels to analyze the process of conceptualization through usage, co-creation, and interpretation. The analysis brought forward three main themes: the interactions between the scientific data accessible in the tool and the restaurants. Second, the diverse implications of sustainability marketing for motivating climate actions and what they look like. And finally, climate actions and how they are being apprehended and implemented by the restaurants. The promise of climate labels was discussed by elaborating on socio-cultural dynamics, sustainability marketing, and activism forces and impulses influencing the motivations for restaurants. We then discussed the capacity to transcend information into action through collaboration and inclusiveness to avoid greenwashing. Restaurants have a commercial interest in implementing climate labels in their business and an intrinsic desire to be a company that takes action for the planet because of the restaurants ‘employees’ convictions. However, restaurants find themselves in a tricky situation where they can be criticized if they take ‘wrong’ actions that can be considered greenwashing and criticized if they do nothing. The software enables restaurants to legitimize their actions and communicate them, making them resilient and evolving.
Aim of the study To assess how the therapeutic relationship is perceived by therapists both in online and face-to-face therapy during the Covid-19 pandemic and if the therapist's personal, professional, and psychological characteristics, as well as their experience of the COVID-19 pandemic influence their perception of the therapeutic relationship. Subject or material and methods Recruited 327 psychotherapists from four European countries: Sweden (Northern Europe), Poland (Eastern Europe), Portugal (Southern Europe) and Germany (Central Europe). Used original questionnaire and the Scale to Assess Therapeutic Relationship (STAR), the Fear of Contracting COVID-19 Scale (FCS Covid-19), the Pandemic Fatigue Scale (PFS), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the Social Support Questionnaire (F-SozU K-14) and the Sense of Efficacy Test (SET). Results The therapeutic relationship is perceived as more effective and productive in face-to-face therapy, although therapists noticed more emotional difficulties in this form than in online therapy. The predictor of the assessment of the overall quality and strength of the therapeutic relationship in online therapy is the therapist's self-efficacy, whereas in face-to-face therapy are the therapist's depression, age and cognitive / behavioral approach. Discussion Variables related with therapist’s personal, occupational, psychological characteristics, and their experience with COVID-19 pandemic are related to the perception of the therapeutic relationship and these relationships, although in different configurations, apply to both online and face-to-face therapy. Conclusions The obtained results broaden the scope of knowledge about the therapeutic relationship, and also encouraged therapists to reflect on the factors that are important for its assessment.
Abstract The importance of finding new, innovative ways of reducing greenhouse gas emissions has received increased attention. Climate labels are a means for this, where the life cycle emissions of a product are often given in combination with an icon. This article surveys the phenomenon of climate labels while varying their design to prompt more sustainable food consumption. Recipe boxes were selected as an example emphasizing the increasing popularity of shopping for groceries online. An online choice experiment was conducted where Danish respondents selected recipe boxes in two different scenarios: (a) the ‘all‐or‐nothing’ (binary) approach with a binary label on low‐emitting choices only and (b) the three‐tier rank‐order approach, where all meals are assigned a graphical rating. By assigning recipe boxes scores ranking from 0 to 2 based on the level of climate pollution, a measurement of the total score from a choice of recipe boxes made it possible to compare the effect of the two different approaches for climate labelling. Statistical tests indicated a significant difference between the two types of climate labels and their persuasive effect on consumer choice. They revealed that the three‐tier rank‐order approach results in more sustainable consumption than the binary approach. In demographics, younger individuals and females proved to be the most conscious in their choices.
Abstract The COVID19 pandemic has caused a large number of infections and fatalities, causing administrations at various levels to use different policy measures to reduce viral spread by limiting public mobility. This paper analyzes the complex association between the stringency of restrictions, public mobility, and reproduction rate (R-value) on a national level for Germany. The goals were to analyze; a) the correlation between government restrictions and public mobility and b) the association between public mobilities and virus reproduction. In addition to correlations, a Gaussian Process Regression Technique is used to fit the interaction between mobility and R-value. The main findings are that: (i) Government restrictions has a high association with reduced public mobilities, especially for non-food stores and public transport, (ii) Out of six measured public mobilities, retail, recreation, and transit station activities have the most significant impact on COVID19 reproduction rates. (iii) A mobility reduction of 30% is required to have a critical negative impact on case number dynamics, preventing further spread.
We examined internet searches on psoriasis in Germany and found that in weeks with high search volume, mean temperature and humidity were lower and sunshine level was higher compared to weeks with low search volume.
1. Abstract The Covid-19 pandemic has brought the World to a near standstill for most of 2020 and 2021, causing chaos in international travel, driving many economies into the ground, particularly those largely based on tourism. The lack of standard tools to assist decision makers in structuring a coherent policy to allow foreign passengers into their county and the resulting panic-mode opening/closing the borders on every “new case” outburst or new variant “of concern”, have led several countries to costly and often meaningless decisions based on fear rather than science or logic. This study aims at providing a universal method to safely keep the borders open and allow conditional immigration to foreign passengers according to a “Risk Group” table that includes all the countries reporting data on their Covid-19 situation to the WHO and other organisms. The RG table is recalculated on a weekly basis according to a mathematical model described in this paper, dynamically assessing the status of the pandemic worldwide through the calculation of a “Safety Index” for each country. A prototype algorithm has been implemented in VBA/EXCEL and its results are published bi-weekly on a Github repository.
Abstract Background Those with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) were at a higher risk of experiencing severe illness in the event of contracting COVID-19. Did they therefore act more cautiously? Aim The aim was to determine whether the condition of COPD incurred significant change in social distancing behavior compared to the general public. Design and Setting Data was used from the Imperial ‘COVID-19 Behavioural Tracker’, which details results of regular public surveying on attitudes surrounding COVID-19 guidance. Methods Responses by U.K. participants to twenty questions reflecting willingness to adhere to social distancing guidance were compared in those reporting COPD and non-COPD status. Results Those with COPD stated a significantly greater willingness to wear face masks during early stages of pandemic. There was greater reluctance to go out and go shopping. There was no apparent or significant difference in willingness to use public transport, suggesting that this was an unavoidable necessity for all. The relationship between level of adherence and COVID-19 case numbers was weak both for those of both COPD and non-COPD status. Discussion These results suggest that those with COPD were more cautious and followed guidance more willingly. Advice provided by GP’s and healthcare professionals is likely to be beneficial in guiding patient behaviour.
<title>Abstract</title> The COVID19 pandemic has caused a large number of infections and fatalities, causing administrations at various levels to limit public mobility. This paper analyzes the complex association between the stringency of restrictions, public mobility, and reproduction rate (R-value) on a national level for Germany. The goals were to analyze; a) the correlation between government restrictions and public mobility and b) the association between public mobilities and virus reproduction. In addition to correlations, a Gaussian Process Regression Technique is used to fit the interaction between mobility and R-value. The main findings are that: (i) Government restrictions has a high association with reduced public mobilities, especially for non-food stores and public transport, (ii) Out of six measured public mobilities, retail, recreation, and transit station activities have the most significant impact on COVID19 reproduction rates. (iii) A mobility reduction of 30% is required to have a critical negative impact on case number dynamics, preventing further spread.
Abstract Background: Those with diabetes were at a higher risk of experiencing severe illness in the event of contracting COVID‐19. Did they therefore act more cautiously? Method: The Imperial ‘COVID‐19 Behavioural Tracker’ details the results of regular surveying on attitudes surrounding COVID‐19 guidance. Results from UK participants to questions reflecting willingness to adhere to important recommendations regarding everyday behaviour were examined. Responses from those with diabetes were compared to those stating none of a list of pre‐existing health conditions. The effect of gender and age was examined. Results: Respondents with diabetes showed higher willingness to follow guidance than those with no health conditions. Compliance varied over time; willingness to self‐isolate remained high throughout, while willingness to avoid shopping, avoid going out, or avoid large gatherings rose in winter months. Greater adherence was seen in older age ranges, and in females, for both those with diabetes and healthy respondents. A logistic regression underlined the influence of gender, showing it as the most important variable influencing willingness to follow guidance. Discussion: The results underline that interrelating factors influence health behaviour decisions. The results suggest that those with diabetes are likely to listen to advice provided to them by health care professionals. Copyright © 2022 John Wiley & Sons.
Abstract Purpose As the food industry accounts for more than one-third of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, it is one of the single largest contributors to climate change. Strategies for reductions of CO2e (equivalent) emissions must be put in place to regulate the impact the food systems have on the climate Environmental communication using climate labels sharing information on carbon footprints can help reduce GHGs emissions from restaurant purchases on a systemic scale. Aim The aim is to gain insights and study how a carbon label influences the concept of what is a climate-friendly restaurant and its capacity to bridge the gap between knowledge, awareness, and action. What are the motivations for restaurants’ employees to adopt climate-friendly behaviour? How does the use of the label influence the decision for restaurants to track their carbon footprint overtime, communicate the carbon footprint of dishes, and adapt menus to be more climate friendly? Method The data was collected with semi-structured interviews made with video communication with three restaurant chains all using the labels. Analysis The data collected via the interviews were examined using an inductive thematic analysis to identify key themes. The transcending transmission approach to communication was used to gain insights into both instrumental and constitutive communication dynamics. A s the theoretical framework, ‘symbolic interactionism’ helps untangle constitutive aspects of environmental communication surrounding climate labels to analyse the process of conceptualisation through usage, co-creation and interpretation. Results and discussion The analysis brought forward three main themes; First, the interactions between the scientific data accessible in the tool and the restaurants. Second, the diverse implications of sustainability marketing for motivating climate actions and what they look like. And finally, climate actions and how they are being apprehended and implemented by the restaurants. The promise of climate labels was discussed by both elaborating on sociocultural dynamics, sustainability marketing and activism forces and impulses influencing the motivations for restaurants. We then discussed the capacity to transcend information into action through collaboration, and inclusiveness to avoid greenwashing. Conclusions Restaurants have both a commercial interest to implement climate labels in their business as well as an intrinsic desire to be a company that take actions for the planet because of the restaurants’ employees’ convictions. However, restaurants find themselves in a tricky situation where they can be damned if they take ‘wrong’ actions that can be considered greenwashing, and damned if they do nothing. the software enables restaurants to legitimise their actions and communicate them to make them resilient and evolving.
Abstract The nutrition industry is characterized by high greenhouse gas emissions, as much as 25–30% of all worldwide climate. Deploying eco-labeling to increase people's awareness about the pollution caused by their dietary choices is being introduced to promote more sustainable consumption. The experiment aimed to explore the effectiveness of different eco-labeling approaches and quantify the expected effect on consumer behavior. The data were collected by conducting an online-based survey in the form of a restaurant visit simulation using the PsyToolkit development tool. A convenience sample of 144 participants was randomly assigned to four groups: a) no label, b) climate-friendly icon for low-emitting choices, c) the CO2 equivalent emissions per meal for all items, and d) a combination of an icon and numbers. This survey showed a 9% reduction in average CO2 equivalent per meal with the certificate alone, 4% with label and number, but no reduction in the group using only the CO emissions number. Female gender and green attitudes are associated with making a green dietary choice, and the graphical approach was more effective than providing the report on CO2 emissions as a pure number. Further research is needed to understand the impact of demographics, lifestyle, and attitudes on the possibilities of becoming greener.
<sec> <title>UNSTRUCTURED</title> We examined internet searches on psoriasis in Germany and found that in weeks with high search volume, mean temperature and humidity were lower and sunshine level was higher compared to weeks with low search volume. </sec>
Abstract In this paper the author tells of mold- and sand-handling equipment as installed in the aluminum and gray-iron foundry of a washing-machine plant. Conveyors were used also between the various grinding, polishing, and finishing operations with good results. For the assembling operations inter-related conveyors are used to bring the various parts together. In the spray-painting department conveyors and continuous ovens are used.
Research Papers A Method of Shop Accounting to Determine Shop Cost and Minimum Selling Price H. M. Lane H. M. Lane Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Author and Article Information Trans. ASME. Jan 1897, 18: 892-894 (3 pages) https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4061069 Published Online: February 2, 2024 Article history Published: January 1, 1897 Online: February 2, 2024
This study analyzed the Big Five personality traits using dimensionality reduction techniques, ANOVA, hierarchical clustering, and tests on correlation and coherence. Based on 25 items from the International Personality Item Pool collected through a web-based initiative, we examined subscales of agreeableness, conscientiousness, extraversion, neuroticism, and openness, along with sociodemographic variables such as education, age, and gender. The findings reveal significant correlations among traits and highlight the complex relationships between personality traits and educational factors. These results suggest important implications for understanding how personality influences mental well-being and for developing advanced psychometric tools and personalized interventions aimed at improving mental health outcomes.
Background: This study examined the interplay between age, exercise, BMI, and cardiovascular health, addressing the growing global health concern of obesity and its link to heart disease. Methods: This research utilized data from an Italian dietary survey and the Dutch Longitudinal Internet Studies for the Social Sciences (LISS) panel. Statistical analyses included an ANOVA, linear regression, Mann–Whitney tests, regression with interaction terms, and stratified logistic regression to analyze the impact of age and exercise on BMI and cardiovascular risk. Results: This study revealed that BMI increased with age while exercise participation declined, particularly among women. Exercise consistently lowered BMI across all age groups, with no significant interaction between age and exercise. Additionally, age-related increases in cardiovascular risk factors were confirmed, with a higher susceptibility to heart disease in older age. Conclusions: These findings highlight the importance of maintaining physical activity to mitigate the risks of obesity and cardiovascular disease. The observed age-specific trends support the development of tailored prevention programs to promote healthier lifestyles across all age groups.
Carbon labeling involves placing written or pictorial information on packaging, menus, or price tags to inform consumers about the carbon (CO2) emissions associated with the entire life cycle of a product or service, thereby empowering them to make environmentally conscious purchasing choices. Various carbon labeling practices are in use, but there is limited understanding about their effectiveness in impacting consumer choice. Method: A preliminary review examining the effectiveness of carbon labeling was conducted by searching major scientific literature databases. Quantitative studies on data on the reduction in CO2 emissions achieved through the provision of carbon labeling of meals were searched and examined. Results: Twelve studies were identified, six utilized computer-based virtual consumer choice simulation and six were conducted in real-world retail environments. Studies utilizing virtual simulations demonstrated potential double-digit reductions in CO2 output, but real-life studies identified far much modest reductions of only 2-5%. Labeling using rating-based systems, such as with traffic lights, was identified as more effective in directing consumer choice. Discussion: This preliminary literature review demonstrates that carbon labeling has the potential to direct consumers toward purchasing lower-carbon emission products. However the relatively small number of studies on this topic indicates the need for further research. Clearly, greater business engagement, and possible government intervention, is needed to advocate for carbon labeling and ensure its wider use. Received: 19 January 2025 | Revised: 21 April 2025 | Accepted: 23 July 2025 Conflicts of Interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to this work. Data Availability Statement Data are available on request from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Author Contribution Statement Håkan Lane: Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing - original draft, Writing - review and editing, Visualization, Supervision, Project administration. Oksana Pokutnia: Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation, Investigation, Writing - original draft, Visualization. Mark David Walker: Writing - original draft, Writing - review and editing. Jayanna Killingsworth: Conceptualization, Writing - original draft. Michal Valko: Writing - original draft, Writing - review and editing. Ana Rita Farias: Conceptualization, Writing - original draft.
<sec> <title>BACKGROUND</title> During the COVID-19 pandemic, mental health professionals were forced to find an appropriate way of working with patients that would ensure the continuity of therapy while considering the restrictions aimed at counteracting the spread of the virus. Online therapy has become an increasingly popular and common form of psychotherapeutic work. Emerging scientific studies have confirmed the positive effects of remote psychotherapeutic work. Nevertheless, modifying traditional and well-known forms of therapy or introducing completely new forms of remote therapy have been associated with several ethical concerns and challenges for psychotherapists. </sec> <sec> <title>OBJECTIVE</title> Due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the emerging epidemiological restrictions and recommendations, as well as new recommendations from psychotherapeutic associations, this study aimed to investigate the following: (1) Have psychotherapists experienced ethical dilemmas related to working online and face-to-face during the COVID-19 pandemic? (2) Was the occurrence of these dilemmas related to the therapists’ personal characteristics, such as age, sex, professional experience, or therapeutic approach? (3) What specific ethical dilemmas do psychotherapists point to in conducting online and face-to-face therapy during the COVID-19 pandemic? </sec> <sec> <title>METHODS</title> We conducted an international study with 177 psychotherapists from 4 European countries (Sweden, Poland, Germany, and Portugal) using a web-based survey. The psychotherapeutic approaches represented in the sample were cognitive-behavioral, integrative, psychodynamic-psychoanalytic, systemic, existential and gestalt, and Ericksonian therapy, among others. An interview comprising closed and open questions was used to collect data on psychotherapists’ personal characteristics, professional functioning, and ethical dilemmas encountered during online and face-to-face therapy. </sec> <sec> <title>RESULTS</title> Ethical dilemmas related to online therapy were reported by 58.7% (104/177) of therapists, while dilemmas related to face-to-face therapy were reported by 61% (108/177). The study showed that these dilemmas were independent of the personal and professional characteristics of therapists. Dilemmas related to online therapy were concern about online therapy, the issue of privacy and confidentiality of sessions, the effectiveness of online therapy, the issue of limitations that may hinder clinical work, and concerns related to the broader systemic and institutional context. In contrast, for the face-to-face form, ethical dilemmas mainly concerned health and safety, limitations in communication and quality of relationships due to wearing masks, and technical and logistical limitations. </sec> <sec> <title>CONCLUSIONS</title> The issues considered here have not lost their relevance, because despite the lifting of restrictions related to the pandemic, some of the described dilemmas are similar to those related to coping with the risk and transmission of infection during face-to-face meetings. Moreover, the spread of online therapy means that the related ethical dilemmas are still relevant. The results indicate the direction of further consideration, the outcome of which should be specific ethical and legal guidelines that consider the concerns and dilemmas reported. </sec> <sec> <title>CLINICALTRIAL</title> <p/> </sec>
Background During the COVID-19 pandemic, mental health professionals were forced to find an appropriate way of working with patients that would ensure the continuity of therapy while considering the restrictions aimed at counteracting the spread of the virus. Online therapy has become an increasingly popular and common form of psychotherapeutic work. Emerging scientific studies have confirmed the positive effects of remote psychotherapeutic work. Nevertheless, modifying traditional and well-known forms of therapy or introducing completely new forms of remote therapy have been associated with several ethical concerns and challenges for psychotherapists. Objective Due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the emerging epidemiological restrictions and recommendations, as well as new recommendations from psychotherapeutic associations, this study aimed to investigate the following: (1) Have psychotherapists experienced ethical dilemmas related to working online and face-to-face during the COVID-19 pandemic? (2) Was the occurrence of these dilemmas related to the therapists’ personal characteristics, such as age, sex, professional experience, or therapeutic approach? (3) What specific ethical dilemmas do psychotherapists point to in conducting online and face-to-face therapy during the COVID-19 pandemic? Methods We conducted an international study with 177 psychotherapists from 4 European countries (Sweden, Poland, Germany, and Portugal) using a web-based survey. The psychotherapeutic approaches represented in the sample were cognitive-behavioral, integrative, psychodynamic-psychoanalytic, systemic, existential and gestalt, and Ericksonian therapy, among others. An interview comprising closed and open questions was used to collect data on psychotherapists’ personal characteristics, professional functioning, and ethical dilemmas encountered during online and face-to-face therapy. Results Ethical dilemmas related to online therapy were reported by 58.7% (104/177) of therapists, while dilemmas related to face-to-face therapy were reported by 61% (108/177). The study showed that these dilemmas were independent of the personal and professional characteristics of therapists. Dilemmas related to online therapy were concern about online therapy, the issue of privacy and confidentiality of sessions, the effectiveness of online therapy, the issue of limitations that may hinder clinical work, and concerns related to the broader systemic and institutional context. In contrast, for the face-to-face form, ethical dilemmas mainly concerned health and safety, limitations in communication and quality of relationships due to wearing masks, and technical and logistical limitations. Conclusions The issues considered here have not lost their relevance, because despite the lifting of restrictions related to the pandemic, some of the described dilemmas are similar to those related to coping with the risk and transmission of infection during face-to-face meetings. Moreover, the spread of online therapy means that the related ethical dilemmas are still relevant. The results indicate the direction of further consideration, the outcome of which should be specific ethical and legal guidelines that consider the concerns and dilemmas reported.
We have a cardiac ultrasound training module made for echocardiography students and would like to test the effect of learning from using ed…
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Global Case Studies in Sustainable Management to be published by Cambridge Scholars Publishing--Deadline: 30th January 2026 --DM for submis…